http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1365-4727
Figures
Abstract
Background
Despite advances in early diagnosis and treatment, cancer remains the major cause of mortality in the world. The Tob/BTG antiproliferative (APRO) protein family is reported to participate in diverse human diseases. However, there’s little known about their expression and prognostic values in most human cancers.
Methods
We performed a detailed cancer vs. normal analysis. The mRNA expression levels of APRO family in various cancers were analyzed via the Oncomine database. Moreover, the Kaplan-Meier Plotter and PrognScan databases were used to evaluate the prognostic values.
Results
We observed that the mRNA expression levels of TOB1-2 and BTG2 were decreased in most cancers compared with normal tissues, while BTG3 was upregulated in most cancers. In survival analyses based on Kaplan-Meier Plotter, TOB1, BTG1 and BTG4 showed significant associations with survival outcome of different subtypes of breast cancer. Decreased BTG2 was related with poor relapse free survival (RFS) in all subtypes of breast cancer. Especially, besides RFS, reduced BTG2 also indicated worse overall survival and distant metastasis free survival in breast cancer patients who were classified as luminal A. Significant prognostic effects of the whole APRO family were also found in lung adenocarcinoma, but not in squamous cell lung carcinoma. In addition, potential correlations between some APRO family members and survival outcomes were also observed in ovarian, colorectal and brain cancer.
Citation: Bai Y, Qiao L, Xie N, Shi Y, Liu N, Wang J (2017) Expression and prognosis analyses of the Tob/BTG antiproliferative (APRO) protein family in human cancers. PLoS ONE 12(9): e0184902. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184902
Editor: Jean-Pierre Rouault, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Lyon, FRANCE
Received: May 21, 2017; Accepted: September 1, 2017; Published: September 18, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Bai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant number 81370484 (Na Liu). The funder had been greatly helpful in study design, decision to publish, and modification of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Cancer, a major public health problem, is the leading cause of death worldwide. It’s predicted that there will be 1,688,780 new cancer cases and 600,920 cancer deaths in the United States in 2017 [1]. Although diagnostic techniques and therapeutic methods have been improved, cancer still affects the quality of patients’ life seriously, resulting in serious social and economic burden. It is thus urgently needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of cancer, as well as to identify potential biomarkers to improve diagnosis, therapy and prognosis.
In the early 1990s, several genes which share a high degree of N-terminal sequences homology were found to play important roles in regulating cell proliferation. This family is now referred to as the Tob/BTG antiproliferative (APRO) protein family. It contains six members in human, namely TOB1/TOB, TOB2, BTG1, BTG2/PC3/TIS21, BTG3/ANA and BTG4/PC3B [2]. Over the past decades, researches have provided evidence that proteins of this family are involved in regulating tissue growth and development by negatively regulating cell cycle. They also interact with transcription factors as transcriptional repressors or enhancers to alter the outcome of DNA binding [3, 4]. Another important role of these proteins is to participate in mRNA decay. The interactions with CAF1 [5], the CNOT7 subunit of the Ccr4-Not complex [6], or the poly (A)-binding protein PABPC1 [7], are reported to contribute to this function. Furthermore, it should be noted that APRO family participates in regulating proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of various cancers [8–10]. Studies also reveal that some members of this family may have significant prognostic effects on human cancers [11, 12].
Taken together, these findings suggest that members of APRO family may act as potential therapeutic targets or prognostic biomarkers in some cancers. However, a systematic study about the transcriptional expression and prognostic values in human cancers is still lacking. In the current study, we explored the mRNA expression differences of APRO family members between cancer and normal tissues in human cancers via the Oncomine database. Additionally, we assessed the prognostic values using the Kaplan-Meier Plotter and PrognScan databases.
Materials and methods
Oncomine database analysis
We used Oncomine (http://www.oncomine.org), an online microarray database, to analyze the mRNA expression differences of APRO family between tumor and normal tissues in common human cancers. For each cancer and gene, the thresholds were set as follows: p-value: 0.01; fold change: 2; gene rank: 10%; analysis type: cancer vs. normal analysis; data type: mRNA. Cancers, genes, datasets, sample sizes, fold change, t-test and p-value were obtained from studies that showed statistically differences.
Kaplan-Meier Plotter database analysis
The KM Plotter (http://kmplot.com/analysis/), which is capable to assess the effect of 54,675 genes on survival using 10,461 cancer samples, including 5,143 breast and 2,437 lung cancers, was applied to evaluate the prognostic values of APRO family in these three cancers. For each gene, cancer patients were split into high and low expression group by the median values of mRNA expression. Then the desired probe ID was separately entered into the database. After that, survival analyses were carried out to achieve Kaplan-Meier plots. P-value < 0.01 was considered to indicate a statistically significant result. Cancer types, genes, affymetrix ID, survival outcome, HRs, 95% CIs and p-values were summarized from the KM plotter webpage; some representative plots were also displayed.
PrognScan database analysis
PrognScan (http://www.abren.net/PrognoScan/), a new database for meta-analysis of the prognostic value of genes, was utilized to assess the prognostic effects of APRO family in other types of cancers. P-value < 0.01 was considered to indicate a statistically significant result. The results were downloaded from PrognScan database, cancer types, genes, dataset, probe ID, HRs, 95% CIs and p-values were extracted in tables.
Results
The mRNA expression levels of APRO family in human cancers
To address the mRNA expression differences of APRO family between tumor and normal tissues in multiple cancers, we performed an analysis using the Oncomine database. As shown in Fig 1, the database contained a total of 350, 318, 359, 360, 353 and 248 unique analyses for TOB1, TOB2, BTG1, BTG2, BTG3 and BTG4, respectively. In 34 studies, TOB1 was ranked within the top 10% of all genes showing significant statistical differences, 26 of which revealed lower expression levels in tumor than normal tissues, while eight analyses indicated an opposite result. Downregulation of TOB2 was found in cancers based on 14 studies but overexpressed in seven analyses. Sixty-three significant unique analyses revealed that the mRNA expression level of BTG1 varied with the type of tumor. Compared to normal tissues, BTG2 was reduced in tumors, demonstrated by 52 analyses involving 13 kinds of cancers, only 12 studies showed an increased level. Higher expression of BTG3 was found in most cancers. As for BTG4, only six datasets were listed, and the result was opposite. Altogether, the transcriptional expression levels of TOB1-2 and BTG2 were significantly reduced in most cancers compared with normal tissues, while BTG3 was upregulated in most cancers.
The number in the colored cell represents the number of analyses meeting thresholds. Cell color is determined by the gene rank. The more intense red (over-expression) or blue (under-expression) indicates a more highly significant over-expressed or under-expressed gene.
The latest data from the American Cancer Society (ACS) show that there are totally 1,688,780 cases of cancers expected to occur in the United States in 2017. For men, the three most commonly diagnosed cancers are prostate, lung and bronchus, and colorectum, which are expected to account for 42% of all new cancer diagnoses in men. Breast, lung and bronchus, and colorectal cancers are the top three cancers to be diagnosed in women, which collectively represent one-half of all cases. Therefore, we focus on the expression and prognosis of APRO family in these four tumors, as well as some other common solid tumors [1].
The expression level and prognostic value in breast cancer
We utilized Oncomine to explore the expression of APRO family in ductal and invasive breast carcinoma. A total of 12 datasets were involved in the analysis. With regard to TOB1, three of 12 analyses revealed significant difference between cancer and normal groups. In Ma’s dataset [13], we found that TOB1 was more highly expressed in both ductal breast carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal breast carcinoma, while we obtained an opposite conclusion from Finak’s dataset [14]. According to TCGA database, BTG1 was found downregulated in invasive ductal breast cancer. Several databases including TCGA and Sorlie [15, 16], indicated a lower expression level of BTG2 in ductal and invasive breast cancer. BTG3 was decreased in invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinoma in studies from Finak [14] and Turashvili [17]. For TOB2 and BTG4, there were no significant differences between cancer and normal tissues. All of the statistically significant results were summarized in Table 1.
The breast oncology community now describes breast cancer in terms of intrinsic biologic subtypes, and at least four subtypes are defined: basal-like (ER-/PR-/HER2-), luminal A (ER+/HER2-/grade 1 or 2), luminal B (ER+/HER2-/grade 3) and HER2 enriched (any HER2+ tumor). As a result, critical treatment decisions hinge on these molecular findings [18]. Therefore, we investigated prognosis analysis based on these four intrinsic subtypes using the KM Plotter [19]. In particular, decreased BTG2 (Fig 2a, 2g, 2j and 2l) was associated with poor relapse free survival (RFS) in all subtypes patients. Besides, reduced BTG2 (Fig 2b and 2c) indicated worse overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) in patients who were classified as luminal A. Higher BTG1 (Fig 2d–2f) showed better RFS, OS and DMFS in patients with luminal B, while worse post progression survival (PPS) in HER2+ patients (Fig 2i). High expression of TOB1 (Fig 2k) and low expression of BTG4 (Fig 2h) was related to worse RFS in basal-like and luminal B patients, respectively. All of the results are summarized in Table A in S1 File.
OS, overall survival; RFS, relapse free survival; DMFS, distant metastasis free survival; PPS, post progression survival. (a-c): prognosis analysis of BTG2 in luminal A patients. (d-h): prognosis analysis of BTG1 in luminal B patients. (i-j): prognosis analyses of BTG1-2 in HER2+ patients. (k-l): prognosis analyses of TOB1 and BTG2 in basal-like patients.
The expression level and prognostic value in lung cancer
Equally, using the Oncomine database we analyzed the transcriptional expression of APRO family in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell lung carcinoma, which account for the majority of lung cancer. According to Selamat [20] and Okayama’s analyses [21], BTG1 was lower in lung adenocarcinoma, but higher in squamous cell lung carcinoma in Talbot’s study [22]. In a group of datasets including Beer [23], Selamat [20], Su [24], Hou [25] and Wachi [26], BTG2 was downregulated in both lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell lung carcinoma. In Talbot’s dataset [22], it was extracted that BTG3 was elevated in squamous cell lung carcinoma compared to normal group. None of the datasets revealed statistically differences between lung cancer and normal tissue groups for TOB1 and BTG4. The details were shown in Table 2.
Next, we proceeded to determine whether APRO family is associated with the prognosis of lung cancer patients via KM Plotter [27]. Overall survival (OS) and post progression survival (PPS) were studied for each gene. For patients with lung adenocarcinoma, no gene was associated with PPS, while all members of APRO family were related to OS. Higher TOB1-2 (Fig 3a and 3b) and BTG1-2 (Fig 3c and 3d) implied better OS. On the contrary, increased BTG3 (Fig 3e) and BTG4 (Fig 3f) predicted worse OS. Unfortunately, no gene showed statistical significance for squamous cell lung carcinoma patients. All the detailed prognostic analyses are shown in Table B in S1 File.
OS, overall survival. Survival analyses of TOB1 (a), TOB2 (b), BTG1 (c), BTG2 (d), BTG3 (e) and BTG4 (f) were obtained from the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database.
The expression level and prognostic value in prostate cancer
There’re totally 16 datasets for prostate cancer in the Oncomine database. Only two datasets showed significant differences between prostate cancer and normal tissues. In Yu’s study [28], we found that BTG2 was increased in prostate cancer (fold change = 2.258, t = 7.407, p = 7.27E-11). We came to a consistent conclusion (fold change = 2.575, t = 4.238, p = 1.03E-04) from the dataset of Wallace [29]. As for other members of APRO family, we didn’t observe any expression differences between cancer and normal group.
Afterwards we explored the associations between the APRO family and the survival outcome of prostate cancer patients in the PrognScan database [30]. This database provides overall survival (OS) for prostate cancer. However, as shown in Table C in S1 File, there were no statistically significant data.
The expression and prognostic value in colorectal cancer
As for colon and rectal carcinoma, all statistically significant datasets were extracted in Table 3. It was shown that TOB1 was increased in rectal mucinous adenocarcinoma from Kaiser’s study [31]. Five comparisons from Skrzypczak’s [32] and TCGA datasets revealed that the expression of BTG1 was reduced in both colon and rectal cancer compared with normal tissues. According to Skrzypczak’s [32] and TCGA datasets, BTG3 was elevated in colon carcinoma and rectal mucinous adenocarcinoma. TOB2, BTG2 and BTG4 had no expression difference between colorectal cancer and normal tissues.
Numerous survival analyses were included in the PrognScan database [30]. Only lower expression of BTG4 revealed poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients (S1 Fig). All of the data are collected in Table D in S1 File.
The expression levels and prognostic values in other cancers
Subsequently, we elucidated the mRNA expression levels in some other solid tumors showing the highest numbers of significant differences in Fig 1, including kidney, ovarian, brain and CNS cancer. All of the significant analyses of these cancers were shown in Table E in S1 File. As for clear cell renal cell carcinoma, which account for the majority of kidney cancer, BTG2 and BTG4 were reduced, while BTG1 was elevated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma compared with normal kidney tissue group. In ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, the most common type of ovarian cancer, BTG3-4 were upregulated, but BTG1-2 were found to be at lower expression levels. Intriguingly, TOB1-2 and BTG1-3 were at a higher expression level in various types of brain and CNS cancer.
At last, we examined the prognostic significance of APRO family in all tumors mentioned above in the PrognScan database [30]. In summary, we did not investigate significant prognostic effects of APRO family in kidney cancer. Potential correlations between APRO family and survival outcomes were observed in ovarian and brain cancer. Specifically, low expression of TOB2 was associated with poor overall survival (OS) in ovarian cancer patients (S2a Fig). With respect to brain cancer, increased TOB1-2 and BTG3 revealed poor prognosis (S2b–S2d Fig), while higher BTG2 was related to better prognosis (S2e Fig). Survival analyses of patients with all these solid tumors are shown in Table F in S1 File.
Discussion
In this study, we systematically analyzed the mRNA expression level of APRO family in various types of cancers using the Oncomine database. We focused on the most common types of cancers, including breast, lung, prostate and colorectal cancer, and their most frequent subtypes. In addition, we explored the prognostic values of this family in cancer patients via the Kaplan-Meier Plotter and PrognScan databases.
In clinical samples of patients with breast and thyroid cancer, decreased TOB1 is frequently detected [33, 34], as well as BTG2 is reduced in breast and kidney cancer [35, 36]. Consistent with previous studies, our expression analyses showed that the mRNA levels of TOB1 and BTG2 were reduced in most cancers compared to normal tissues. As for TOB2, there are few current studies on its relationship with cancer. In our study, we observed TOB2 was at a lower expression level in most cancers. Beside, we found that the mRNA expression level of BTG1 varied with tumor type, such as lower in breast, colorectal and ovarian cancer and lung adenocarcinoma, higher in kidney, cervical and squamous cell lung cancer. For BTG3, except decreased in breast cancer tissues, consistent with previous report [37], the vast majority of cancers showed an increased mRNA expression in our study. In contrast, BTG3 is reported at a low expression level in some cancer tissues or cells, such as lung cancer [38] and hepatocellular carcinoma [39]. The contradictory results may be due to different sample sources, histological types or detection methods. There were few datasets for BTG4 in our analyses, but it was proposed interestingly by others that inactivation of BTG4 may be a contributory factor for colon cancer [40].
In recent years, comprehensive transcriptional profiling studies have revealed four intrinsic biological subtypes of breast cancer, defined as luminal A, luminal B, HER2 enriched and basal-like, which have been shown to be robust for predicting treatment sensitivity and survival outcomes [18]. Interestingly, we discovered that decreased BTG2 was related to worse relapse free survival (RFS) in all subtypes patients. Especially, besides RFS, reduced BTG2 also indicated poor overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) in breast cancer patients who were classified as luminal A. Therefore, we propose BTG2 could act as a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer, especially for the subtype of luminal A.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in China [41] and worldwide [1]. Lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell lung carcinoma are the most prevalent subtypes of lung cancer. Our prognosis analyses showed that no gene was associated with overall survival (OS) and post progression survival (PPS) for patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma, as well as PPS for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. However, all members of APRO family were related to OS in lung adenocarcinoma. Thus, we inferred this family could serve as prognostic biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma rather than squamous cell lung carcinoma.
In this study, we also found that TOB1, BTG1 and BTG3 could be a prognostic marker or potential therapeutic target in several cancer types, consistent with previous reports [11, 12, 42]. Moreover, we had some other new discoveries that downregulated TOB1 mRNA expression implied better overall survival (OS) in brain cancer patients. Potential correlation between TOB2 and survival outcome was also observed in ovarian and brain cancer. BTG4 was related to survival outcomes in breast and colorectal cancer. Regretfully, it seemed that this family had nothing to do with the survival outcomes of prostate cancer.
Our analyses would contribute to comprehensively understand the expression levels and the prognostic values of the APRO family in some solid tumors, as well as provide the evidence that members of this family could be employed as novel prognostic biomarkers or promising therapeutic targets for human carcinomas. Nevertheless, we concentrated on only the mRNA expression levels and the prognostic values of this family, neither their protein expression levels nor some possible signaling pathways were further analyzed. Sample cohort studies are needed to be performed to validate the prognostic values of this family, and many more research should be carried out to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms in tumors.
In summary, we comprehensively analyzed the mRNA expression levels and prognostic values of APRO family in most common cancers. Several members including TOB1-2 and BTG2-3, exhibited significant expression differences between cancer and normal tissue groups in defined cancers. Furthermore, we put forward BTG2 could act as a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer, especially for the subtype of luminal A, as well as this family may be prognostic biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma.
Supporting information
S1 File.
Table A. Survival analyses of APRO family in breast cancer. Table B. Survival analyses of APRO family in lung cancer. Table C. Survival analyses of APRO family in prostate cancer. Table D. Survival analyses of APRO family in colorectal cancer. Table E. Datasets of APRO family in kidney, ovarian, brain and CNS cancer. Table F. Survival analyses of APRO family in kidney, ovarian and brain cancer.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184902.s001
(DOCX)
S1 Fig. Survival analyses of APRO family in colorectal cancer.
DFS, disease free survival. Survival analysis of BTG4 was obtained from the PrognScan database.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184902.s002
(TIF)
S2 Fig. Survival analyses of APRO family in ovarian and brain cancer.
OS, overall survival. (a): survival analysis of TOB2 in ovarian cancer. (b-e): survival analyses of TOB1-2 and BTG2-3 in brain cancer.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184902.s003
(TIF)
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the contributors of data to Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier plotter and PrognScan.
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