http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0541-3528
Figures
Abstract
MicroRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in animals and plants. The aim of this study was to identify new target genes for microRNA polymorphisms (miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C) in primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). We cloned and transfected miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C into human granulosa cells and used microarrays and qPCR-arrays to examine the changes in the messenger RNA expression profile. We show miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C change the mRNA expression patterns in granulosa cell. In each case, mRNAs were up or down-regulated after treatments with miR-146a C or G and miR-196a2 T or C. We found that miR-146a led to a significantly altered regulation of the mRNA levels of FOXO3, FOXL2 and CCND2 compared to controls. We also found that the polymorphisms of miR-146a led to a significantly altered regulation of CCND2 and FOXO3. Our results suggest that miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C can regulate the levels of many of their target transcripts. In addition, specific target genes of miR-146aC>G polymorphisms may be involved in granulosa cell regulation.
Citation: Cho SH, An HJ, Kim KA, Ko JJ, Kim JH, Kim YR, et al. (2017) Single nucleotide polymorphisms at miR-146a/196a2 and their primary ovarian insufficiency-related target gene regulation in granulosa cells. PLoS ONE 12(8): e0183479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183479
Editor: Burton B. Yang, University of Toronto, CANADA
Received: January 20, 2017; Accepted: August 5, 2017; Published: August 25, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Cho et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was partly supported by a grant of the Korea Healthcare technology R&D Project (HI15C1972010015), Ministry for Health, Welfare & Family Affairs, Republic of Korea and by Basic Science Research Program through National Research Foundation of Korea Grants funded by the Korean Government (2009-0093821, 2014R1A2A2A01003994 and 2015R1D1A1A09057432), Republic of Korea and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (grant 2013R1A1A2009661).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature ovarian failure (POF), is the loss of ovarian function before age 40 [1]. A commonly cited triad for diagnosis is amenorrhea, hypergonadotropism, and hypoestrogenism. If it has a genetic cause, it may be called gonadal dysgenesis [2]. More than 90% of POI cases have unknown causes [3,4].
Recent studies indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in ovarian pathologies, such as POI and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) [5,6]. miRNAs are small, noncoding, single-stranded RNA molecules bind a target messenger RNA (mRNA) [7]. Previous reports showed that miRNAs bind the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs and modulate their gene expression through deregulation or translational repression [8]. A single miRNA may regulate multiple targets and thus acts as a master controller of gene expression [7,8]. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or mutations occurring in the miRNA gene region may affect the property of miRNAs by altering their expression and/or maturation [9]. miRNAs are also involved in the entire process of ovarian follicle development, including follicle growth and ovulation [10,11]. miR-146a is enriched in the oocyte. During bovine oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development, miR-146a undergoes changes in expression level [12]. The FAS gene, an inducer of oocyte apoptosis during folliculogenesis is an miR-146a target [13–15]. miR-196a2, which is expressed during oocyte maturation and early bovine embryonic development, regulates the expression of the newborn ovary homeobox (NOBOX) gene during bovine early embryogenesis [16]. NOBOX gene mutations have been reported to cause POI [12,17].
We previously reported the association between Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA) and POI with polymorphisms of miR-146a, miR-196a2 [12,18]. These results suggest that gene—gene interaction and transcriptional alterations between miR-146a and miR-196a2 may be involved in POI development [12, 19]. Therefore, we hypothesized that transcriptional alterations in miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C might influence target gene expression and downstream oocyte apoptosis during folliculogenesis.
To identify new target genes expressed in POI, we used a microarray gene expression analysis and validation for novel targets regulated by miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C in granulosa cells. We identified putative candidates for the genes regulated by the miR-146aC>G polymorphism. Our data provide new insights into the potential targets of miR-146a in POI regulation.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of CHA Bundang Medical Center. All study subjects provided written informed consent to participate in the study. All methods used in this study were carried out in accordance with approved guidelines.
Study participants
All participants were Korean. They were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of CHA Bundang Medical Center from March 1999 to February 2010. The study group consisted of 113 women (age range, 21–43 years; mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 31.34 ± 4.97 years) who were diagnosed with POI (cessation of menstruation before 40 years of age and two serum FSH levels >40 IU/L). Patients with a history of pelvic surgery, cancer, radiation exposure, autoimmune disorder, or genetic syndromes were excluded. The control group consisted of 227 women (age range, 23–43 years; mean age ± SD, 32.54 ± 3.88 years) who had regular menstrual cycles and at least one live birth. All participants provided informed consent.
Hormone analysis
To measure FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) levels, blood samples were collected on the second or third menstrual cycle day. The serum was separated as described previously [20], and hormone levels were measured using radioimmunoassay (E2; Beckman Coulter, Inc, Fullerton, CA, USA) or enzyme immunoassay (FSH and LH; Siemens, Los Angeles, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Genetic analysis of miRNA sequence polymorphisms
Genomic DNA was extracted from anticoagulated peripheral blood using a G-DEX blood extraction kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seongnam, South Korea). Nucleotide changes were determined using polymerase chain reaction—restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis as previously described [21]. Primer sequences for PCR amplification of each polymorphism were as follows: miR-146aC>G: forward 5’-CAT GGG TTG TGT CAG TGT CAG AGC T-3’ and reverse 5’-TGC CTT CTG TCT CCA GTC TTC CAA-3’ (mismatch sequence is underlined); miR-196a2T>C: forward 5’-CCC CTT CCC TTC TCC TCC AGA TA-3’ and reverse 5’-CGA AAA CCG ACT GAT GTA ACT CCG-3’. For miR-146aC>G and 196a2T>C polymorphisms, we digested PCR products with SacI and MspI respectively (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) at 37°C for 16 hours, We confirmed the genotype of the two sites by sequencing 10% of the samples.
miR-146a(C>G) and miR-196a2(T>C) expression vector construction
To amplify pre-miR-146aC or pre-miR-146aG from human genomic DNA previously determined to have the G or C genotype, we performed PCR using two primers 5’-GCC GAT GTG TTA TCC TCA GCT TTG-3’ and 5’-ACG ATG ACA GAG ATA TCC CAG-3’ were used to amplify pre-miR-146a-C or pre-miR-146a-G from each type of human genomic DNA by PCR. PCR products corresponding to pre-miR and its flanking regions (pre-miR-146aC, 322 bp; pre-miR-146aG, 322 bp; pre-miR-196a2T, 345 bp; and pre-miR-196a2C, 345bp) were amplified and cloned into the pcDNA3.1 expression vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The sequences of the vectors were confirmed by direct sequencing; the only difference was in the SNP.
Cell transfection
Human granulosa cells (KGN) [22] were plated at 1×105 cells per well in a 6-well plate and transfected 24 h later using JetPRIME transfection reagent (Polyplus, Illkirch, France). Each transfection reaction contained 500 ng of miR-146aG (in pcDNA3.1) or 500 ng of miR-146aC (in pcDNA3.1). For controls, we performed mock transfection with scrambled plasmids (Cat No: 1027271, Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) transfection with empty pcDNA 3.1 plasmid (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and used untransfected cells. Total RNA was extracted 24 h after transfection and used for real-time qRT-PCR.
RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis
Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol® Reagent (Catalog No. 15596–026) and a miRNeasy mini kit (Qiagen) with DNase treatment. cDNA was synthesized by using the miScript II RT Kit (Qiagen). Manufacturers’ protocols were used for all kits. Isolated miRNA was quantified using a Nanodrop ND 1000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and 500 ng was used for the subsequent cDNA preparation protocol.
Microarray analysis
The hybridized Human Genome U133A 2.0 Array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was scanned and analyzed with the Affymetrix Microarray Analysis Suite version 5.0. The average density of hybridization signals from three independent samples was used for data analysis, and genes with signal density less than 300 pixels were omitted from the analysis. P-values were calculated with two-sided t-tests with unequal variance assumptions. To correct for multiple hypothesis testing, the false discovery rate was calculated.
Differentially expressed genes were selected using both a false discovery rate of less than 0.01 and a fold change greater than 1.5 or less than 21.5. A tree cluster was generated by hierarchical cluster analysis to classify the miRNA-transfected cells. For this analysis, we used average linkage metrics and centered Pearson correlations (Cluster 3.0). Java Tree view 1.1 (http://sourceforge.net/projects/jtreeview/) was used for tree visualization.
qPCR array analysis
The ExProfile™ Gene qPCR Array 96-well-qPCR plate (CS-PAG-062515J1-96B6, GeneCopoeia Inc, Rockville, MD, USA) was used for this study. Each array has a panel of validated, optimized qPCR primers for 32 mRNAs associated with POI as well as the housekeeping genes GAPDH and ACTB, which are used as references to normalize expression. Each well contains a forward primer for the mRNA sequence cross-linked to the 96-well plate. The qPCR Primer Array was performed using 20 μl reaction volumes per well containing 1 μl reverse transcription product and detected using SYBR green, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The arrays were performed on a Bio-Rad iCycler iQ™ instrument (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
Gene ontology analysis
To analyze the function of those genes, we used the DAVID software (https://david.ncifcrf.gov/)[23], which queries for biological activities according to Gene Ontology (GO) annotations.
Real-Time RT-PCR detection of miR-146a and miR-196a2
To evaluate miR-146a and miR-196a2 expression, real-time RT-PCR was used. RNA (500 ng) was used for RT-PCR reactions that were performed using an miScript II RT kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) acording to the manufacturer’s protocol. When reverse transcription reactions are performed, mature miRNAs as well as certain small nucleolar RNAs and small nuclear RNAs are selectively converted into cDNA. Mature miRNAs are polyadenylated by poly(A) polymerase and reverse transcribed into cDNA using oligo-dT primers. The oligo-dT primers have a 3' degenerate anchor and a universal tag sequence on the 5' end, allowing amplification of mature miRNA at the real-time PCR step. Real-time PCR was performed on the Roter-Gene System. RNU6 RNA was used as an endogenous control. All primers were part of SYBR green assays for miR-146a, miR-196a2, or RNU6 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The cycle number at which the product level exceeded an arbitrarily Ct (Cycle threshold) was determined for each target sequence, and the amount of each miRNA relative to RNU6 RNA was quantified using the formula 2-deltadeltaCt.
Validation of miR-146a target gene expression
Using the TargetRank software (http://genes.mit.edu/targetrank/), the alternative mature forms of miR-146a-3p and miR-196a2-3p were predicted to have several hundred target genes (using a Target Rankscore ≥0.35, 214 and 166 genes were found for miR-146a-3pC and miR-146a-3pG, respectively, (supplement information). Because each mature miRNA binds to a distinct set of target genes, different target genes are affected by the miRNAs produced by G or C homozygotes (miR-146a-3pC or miR-146a-3pG, respectively). We chose POI-related candidate target genes (FOXO3, FOXL2, DIAPH2, BDNF, CCND2, and FOXE1); however, there was no distinct set of POI-related target genes produced by miR-196a2-3p T or C homozygotes. To validate the regulation of miR-146a and miR-196a2 target gene expression, we used real-time qRT-PCR. Total RNA (500 ng) was used for RT reactions that were performed using the miScript II RT kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Real-time PCR was performed on the Roter-Gene system. For the quantitative analysis of predicted target genes, the primers were designed using Primer Premier 3 software (Table 1). GAPDH RNA was used as an endogenous control. All primers were part of SYBR green assays for miR-146a or miR-196a2 target genes or GAPDH (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea). The cycle number at which the product level exceeded an arbitrarily Ct (Cycle threshold) was determined for each target sequence, and the amount of each target gene relative to GAPDH RNA was described using the formula2-deltadeltaCt.
3’-UTR reporter gene assay
To generate 3’-UTR luciferase reporter constructs, 3’-UTRs from CCND2, FOXL2, FOXO3, and FOXE1 mRNAs were cloned downstream of the firefly luciferase gene in the pGL4.13-Control Vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). For luciferase reporter assays, KGN cells were plated at 1×105cells per well in 6-well dishes and co-transfected with jetPRIME reagent 24h later (Polyplus, Illkirch, France). Each co-transfection reaction contained 200 ng of pcDNA3::146aC or 200 ng of pcDNA3::146aG plus 200 ng of pGL4.13::3’-UTR of each target gene construct and 200 ng of pGL4.75 plasmid, which served as the normalization control (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). After 24 h, cells were washed and lysed with Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), and firefly luciferase activity was measured using the Veritas Microplate Luminometer (Turner Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and normalized to renilla luciferase activity. We ran all samples in triplicate and replicated the experiment three times.
Western blot analysis
Proteins were separated using 10.0% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). The membrane was blocked with 5% non-fat dried milk in TBST (20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.5) for 1 h and incubated overnight at 4°C with each primary antibody. After washing with TBST buffer, membranes were incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Protein bands were visualized using an ECL chemiluminescence system (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK). Equal loading of samples was verified by Western blotting for GAPDH. Band intensities were quantified using Adobe Photoshop CS5 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA).
Statistical analysis
All experiments were conducted at least three times. Statistical significance between two groups was evaluated using a two-tailed Student's t test. This statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism software 4.0 (GraphPad Software Inc, San Diego, CA, USA). Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Associations between gene modulations due to the two miRNAs were examined using a two-sided Fisher exact test. Associations between modulations by any two miRNAs was statistically significant if P < 0.001. Correlations between each genotype or allele and FSH, LH or E2 levels were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. These statistical analysis were performed using, MedCalc version 12.1.4 (MedCalc Software).
Results
Expression of miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C in granulosa cells
Pre-miR-146a, mature-miR-146a, and mature-miR-146a-3p were expressed from C and G alleles; however, the amount of expression differed between the alleles (Fig 1). The mean expression of pre-miR-146a in G was 46% lower than in C (P = 0.005), expression of mature-miR-146a with G was 47% lower than with C (P = 0.0004), and mature-miR-146a-3p with G was 12% lower than with C (P = 0.005) (Fig 1C). The mean pre-miR-196a2 expression with CC was not lower than with TT (P = 0.005) (Fig 1D).
(A) Levels of mature miR-146a and (B) Levels of mature miR-196a2 in cells transfected with pri-miR-146a-GG, pri-miR-146a-CC or pri-miR-196a2TT, pri-miR-196a2CC by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (C) Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression levels of pre, mature, and mature-3p in miR-146aC>G (rs2910164) and (D) miR-196a2T>C (rs11614913). Data are reported as means (±SD) from three independent experiments. Data are normalized to the reference RNU6. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. PR: Pre-form, Mature: mature form, -3p: mature form of passenger strand.
Gene ontology analysis from the microarray data
To investigate the regulation of POI-related target genes of miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C, we used microarray data. To analyze the function of those genes, we used DAVID software, which queries for biological activities according to GO annotations. The DAVID functional analysis of miR-146aC>G (Fig 2A) showed that the main biological processes altered between the wild-type C allele and the variant types were cell differentiation (22 and 4 genes, respectively), metabolism (30 and 17 genes, respectively), cell growth (22 and 4 genes, respectively), and regulation of genes often involved in reproductive diseases 28 and 11 genes, respectively). The cellular components altered between wild-type and variant-type miR-146aC>G were intracellular (79 and 34genes, respectively) and extracellular (21 and 3 genes, respectively) (Fig 2B). The main molecular functions of miR-146aC>G altered between wild type and variant type were nucleic acid binding (61 and 24 genes, respectively), calcium ion binding (12 and 2 genes, respectively), and protein binding (9 and 3genes, respectively) (Fig 2C). The DAVID functional analysis for miR-196a2T>C (Fig 2A) showed that the main biological processes altered between the wild-type T allele and variant type were regulation of gene expression (23 and 55 genes, respectively), metabolism (35 and 70 genes, respectively), and cell organization and biogenesis (16 and 31 genes, respectively). The main cellular components altered between wild-type and variant-type miR-146aC>G were intracellular (76 and 145genes, respectively) and extracellular (12 and 18genes, respectively) (Fig 2B). The main molecular function of miR-146aC>G altered between wild type and variant type were nucleic acid binding (62 and 125genes, respectively), calcium ion binding (8 and 13genes, respectively), transferase (19 and 30genes, respectively), and transcription factors (13 and 34genes, respectively)(Fig 2C).
The expression of miR-146a and miR-196a2 in granulosa cells was assessed by microarray. (A) Target gene frequency for miR-146a [Wild type (C): black, variant (G): silver] and miR-196a2 [Wild type (T): black, variant (C): silver] in biological process, (B) cellular components, and (C) molecular function.
Validation of microarray data and POI-related miR-146a target gene identification
To examine the reliability of the array data, we randomly selected eight mRNAs detected by microarray (S1 Fig) to confirm their expression in a granulosa cell line using qPCR. The results from the qRT-PCRs were consistent with the microarray data (S1 Fig). Using the TargetRank software (http://genes.mit.edu/targetrank/), we found that the alternative mature forms of miR-146a-3p and miR-196a2-3p were predicted to have several hundred target genes (data not shown). Using a Target Rank score of ≥0.35, 214 and 166 genes were found for miR-146a-3pC and for miR-146a-3pG, respectively (S1 Table).
Because each mature miRNA bound to a distinct set of target genes, different target genes were affected by the miRNAs produced by G or C homozygotes (miR-146a and miR-146a-3pC or miR-146a-3pG, respectively). We chose POI-related target genes from micro array data (FOXO3, FOXL2, DIAPH2, BDNF, CCND2, and FOXE1) (Table 1, S2 Table). No distinct set of POI-related target genes produced by miR-196a2-3p T or C homozygotes were found. To examine the reliability of the POI-related target gene expression, we selected six mRNAs detected by microarray (Fig 3A–3F). Six individual target mRNAs were further examined in an independent set of RNA samples using the qPCR-array and Real time PCR. As shown in Fig 3, individual expression using the micro array confirmed the result of the Real time PCR (Fig 3A–3F) and qPCR-array (Fig 3G–3L) analysis for all six genes.
Validation of the expression of down-regulated genes from microarrays (A-F) and qPCR-arrays (G-L). Transient transfection of pGL4.13 plasmids with FOXO3, FOXl2, ESR1, BBS9, DIAPH2, and FOXE1 in the KGN cell line. mRNA expression levels were normalized to those of GAPDH expression. The data indicate the mean values with the standard deviation relative to miR-mimic negative expression from three independent experiments. Control (miR-scrambled + pGL4.13–3’UTR of each target gene). *P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Regulation of 3’-UTR of target genes from the miR-146a polymorphisms
To analyze the effect of miR-146aC>G on mRNA levels of six putative target genes (FOXO3, FOXL2, DIAPH2, BDNF, CCND2, and FOXE1) identified from microarray and qPCR-array data, we constructed an expression vector system and quantified the abundance of candidate mRNAs reported to be regulated by miR-146a using real-time PCR (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA)(Fig 4). We observed a significant reduction in mRNA expression in the cells co-transfected with both pcDNA3.1-miR-146aC and pGL-4.13–3’UTR(FOXO3), pGL4.13–3’UTR(CCND2), or pGL4.13–3’UTR(FOXL2) compared to the cells co-transfected with both pcDNA3.1-miR-146aG and pGL4.13–3’UTR(FOXO3), pGL4.13–3’UTR(CCND2), or pGL4.13–3’UTR(FOXL2), indicating miR-146aC>G could regulate the 3’UTRs of FOXO3, CCND2, and FOXL2 mRNAs in the Human granulosa cell line (Fig 4).
Validation of the expression using qRT-PCR. Transient transfection of pGL4.13 plasmids with FOXO3, FOXl2, ESR1, BBS9, DIAPH2, and FOXE1 in the KGN cell line. mRNA expression levels were normalized to those of GAPDH expression. The data indicate the mean values with the standard deviation relative to miR-mimic negative expression from three independent experiments. Control (miR-scrambled + pGL4.13–3’UTR of target gene). *P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
To experimentally confirm the interaction between miR-146aC>G and FOXO3 and CCND2, we applied reporter gene assays. We cloned fragments of 3’UTR segments of FOXO3 or CCND2 into the pGL4.13 expression reporter vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Then, we transfected pGL-4.13–3’-UTR (FOXO3) and pGL-4.13–3’UTR (CCND2) into KGN cell lines with or without pcDNA3.1-miR-146a. Either C or G alleles of miR-146a were used in the analyses. After 24 hours, we observed a significant reduction of luciferase activity in the cells transfected with both pcDNA3.1-miR-146a and pGL-4.13–3’UTR(FOXO3) or pGL-4.13–3’UTR(CCND2) compared to the cells transfected with pGL-4.13–3’UTR(FOXO3) or pGL-4.13–3’UTR(CCND2) alone or with scrambled miRNA (Fig 5C and 5D), indicating miR-146aC>G could bind to the 3’UTRs of FOXO3 and CCND2 mRNAs in vitro.
Schematic representation of target genes 3´-UTRs that have presumed miR-146a-3p-C and miR-146a-3p-G binding sites in conserved regions (A and B). Transient transfection of pGL4.13 plasmids with FOXO3 (C) and CCND2 (D) into the KGN cell line with miR-146aC>G in pcDNA3.1. Luciferase expression levels were normalized using renilla luciferase expression. Western blot was used to detect FOXO3 and CCND2 protein levels in each group (E and F). KGN cells were transfected with miR-146aC or miR-146aG in pcDNA3.1 or controls. Protein expression levels were normalized using GAPDH expression. The expression data are the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments normalized to the miR-mimic (off-target) negative control. Control: miR-scrambled + target construct + pGL4.75, 146aC: miR-146aC + target construct + pGL4.75, 146aG: miR-146aG + target construct + pGL4.75. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Endogenous regulation of target proteins from the miR-146a polymorphisms
Endogenous FOXO3, CCND2, FOXE1 and FOXL2 expression levels were detected by performing Western blots of KGN cells transfected with miR-146aC, miR-146aG or control (pcDNA3.1 and a miRNA-mimic off-target control) (Fig 5E and 5F and S2 Fig). FOXO3 protein level was significantly diminished when cells were transfected with miR-146aC compared with miR-146aG or off-target control, By contrast, CCND2 protein level showed no marked difference when cells were transfected with miR-146aC compared with miR-146aG or off-target control (Fig 5E and 5F).
Clinical characteristics
FSH, LH, and E2 levels of POI patients and controls are summarized in Table 2. Patients with POI had significantly increased FSH and LH levels (p<0.0001, p<0.0001) and Patients with POI had decreased E2 levels compared with control women (p<0.0001). However, hormonal levels were not significantly different between POI patients and control subjects with miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C (Table 3).
Discussion
Increasing evidence supports the role of microRNAs in reproductive disorders [24–27]. In this context, evidence supporting the role of miR-146a and miR-196a2 in oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development [13, 28] has also been accumulating, which led us to investigate whether these miRNA SNPs (miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C) influence the risk of POI-related genes in Korean woman.
We previously showed that the combined genotypes and haplotypes of miR-146aC>G, miR-196a2T>C could be associated with POI in Korean women [12]. We also found that the expression of pre, mature, and mature-3p miR-146a with the G allele was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of miR-146a with the C allele (Fig 1C), [19]. These results suggest that the polymorphisms in miR-146a could change their target gene expression [19]. The recent identification of miRNAs as an important posttranscriptional gene regulator elucidated the role of posttranscriptional gene regulation in reproductive disease [24,25]. In addition, miRNAs are involved in crucial cell processes, such as apoptosis, differentiation, and oncogenesis by regulating signal transduction pathways [29]. To investigate regulation of the POI-related target genes of miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C, we used microarray data and prediction tools. To analyze the function of those genes from the microarray data, we used DAVID software [30], which provides a comprehensive set of functional annotation tools for investigators to understand biological meaning behind large list of genes according to GO annotations [30]. The functional analysis of miR-146aC>G and miR-196a2T>C showed that the main biological processes altered between wild type and variant type were cell differentiation, metabolism, cell growth, and regulation of genes often involved in reproductive diseases (Fig 2).
Using TargetRank (http://genes.mit.edu/targetrank/), we found that the alternative mature forms of miR-146a-3p and miR-196a2-3p were predicted to have several hundred target genes (using a Target Rank score of ≥0.35, 214 and 166 genes were found for miR-146a-3pC and miR-146a-3pG, respectively, and 55 genes were found for miR-196a2-3p T or C; data not shown). Of those genes, we selected the POI-related miR-146aC>G target genes FOXO3, FOXL2, DIAPH2, BDNF, CCND2, and FOXE1. Previously, our work suggested that the gene—gene interaction between miR-146a and miR-196a2could be involved in POI development [12]; however, we did not observe any expression changes associated with miR-196a2 polymorphisms (Fig 1C), [19].
To further determine the function of the differentially expressed target genes of miR-146a-C>G, we investigated transcriptional regulation of FOXO3, FOXL2, DIAPH2, BBS9, CCND2, and FOXE1 as target genes of miR-146aC>G polymorphisms. We found that miR-146a leads to a significant regulation of the mRNA levels of FOXO3, FOXL2, and CCND2 compared to controls (Fig 4). Of note, FOXO3 is targeted by miR-146a-3pC. Because Foxo3 functions as a master regulator and potent suppressor of primordial follicle activation, loss of function in the mouse leads to POI due to global follicle activation [31]. The FOXO3 gene encodes the forkhead family of transcription factors, which is characterized by a distinct forkhead domain [32]. FOXO3 likely functions as an apoptosis trigger by activating genes necessary for cell death [33]. Numerous studies report that FOXO3-deficient ovaries exhibit defects in oocyte apoptosis [34–36]. In addition, mutations in FOXO1 and FOXO3 have been identified in women with POI [37].
We also found that CCND2 is regulated by miR-146aC>G. CCND2 involved in Wnt signaling, cell-cycle pathways, and adhesion molecule formation [38]. In addition, Wnt signaling and cell-cycle pathways are crucial in POI patients [39]. CCND2 plays an important role in initiating the early-to-mid G1 phase transition and is required for granulosa cell proliferation during ovarian folliculogenesis [40]. These results raise the possibility that miRNA polymorphisms may contribute to dysregulation and/or functional variations of the CCND2, FOXO3. Because FOXL2 is suggested to play a role in ovarian development and function [41], it may be an important mediator of ovarian development through miR-146a. However, it remains unknown whether FOXL2 is a target of miR-146a activity.
To experimentally confirm the interaction between miR-146aC>G and FOXO3 or CCND2, we used reporter gene and Western blot assays. We observed a marked luciferase level reduction in cells co-expressing miR-146aC and the 3’-UTR of FOXO3-luc. or the 3’-UTR of CCND2-luc. However, luciferase levels were not reduced as efficiently in cells co-expressing miR-146aG and the 3’-UTR of FOXO3-luc. or the 3’-UTR of CCND2-luc. (Fig 5C and 5D).
These findings suggest that miR-146a polymorphisms differentially affect CCND2 and FOXO3 expression. We observed that miR-146a directly binds the 3’UTR of the target gene potentially regulating the expression of target gene mRNA. More interestingly, we observed that the binding capacity of miR-146a to the 3’-UTR of target genes was significantly stronger in cell lines transfected with the wild-type C allele compared with those transfected with the G allele. This observation indicates that the binding capacity was significantly different between common and variant alleles (C and G type). We also confirmed that FOXO3 was decreased by western blot (Fig 5E). These results are consistent with our observation that the wild-type C allele had higher levels of mature miR-146a than the mutant G allele.
A recent study showed that miR-146a, miR-27a, miR-23a, and miR-126 were highly expressed in plasma from POI patients compared with controls; fold change was 5.19, 2.98, 2.75, and 2.29 respectively [42]. Furthermore, in isolated ovarian granulosa cells from patients with POI, the expression of miR-146a was markedly increased [43]. These results suggest that miR-146a is significantly upregulated in POI patients compared with normal controls. In addition, numerous studies have implicated miR-146a in cell apoptosis [44–46]. miR-146a has been reported to contribute to granulosa cell apoptosis [47]. These results indicate that miR-146a plays an important role in the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in patients with POI. Our previous association data also indicated that the miR-146aC allele in combination with the miR-196a2T allele increased POI risk. By contrast, the miR-146aG allele in combination with the miR-196a2T allele reduced POI risk. (OR: 0.193, 95% CI: 0.037–1.002, P<0.05) [12]. Thus, the C-allele type of miR-146a interacts more effectively with target genes (FOXO3 and CCND2) than the G-allele type, increasing the negative effects of POI. A previous report showed that targeted disruption of FOXO3 in granulosa cells leads to the production of ovarian-derived factor(s) that potently suppresses pituitary FSH biosynthesis [48]. Therefore, we examined if polymorphisms of miR-146aC>G influence FSH, LH and E2 levels via regulation of FOXO3. We used ANOVA to determine if there are any statistically significant differences between hormonal levels (FSH, LH, E2) and miR-146aC>G. While no significant difference was found, there was a trend of increasing FSH levels with the miR-146aG polymorphic variant.
Taken together, our data suggest a model where miR-146a might play a role in the regulation of FOXO3 and CCND2, and a functional genetic variant in miR-146a can alter the expression of mature miR-146 and thereby affect POI-related target gene expression. Therefore, it is biologically plausible that the miR-146aC>G genetic variant may influence POI susceptibility by altering the expression of miR-146a target genes (e.g., FOXO3, FOXL2 and CCND2).
In this work, the miRNA target sites of interest in the 3’-UTR of (FOXO3 and CCND2) were cloned downstream of a reporter gene (luciferase). Transfection of wild-type and variants of miR-146a resulted in altered expression of luciferase and FOXO3 proteins, indicating that polymorphisms of miR-146aC>G could be responsible for the differential translation in this in vitro system. However, the 3′-UTRs may contain multiple targeting sequences and other regulatory elements. Further assays to test each miRNA targeting sequence are needed. One limitation of our study is that we could not compare expression levels of miRNAs and target genes in ovary samples collected from patients with POI who had been miRNA genotyped because we had limited access to these samples. While we have not identified the underlying mechanisms by which miR-146aC>G polymorphisms affect the development of POI, the data suggest that miR-146aC>G polymorphisms could contribute to regulation of POI-related target genes, specifically FOXO3. Further studies of other pre-miRNA polymorphisms in diverse ethnic populations will advance our understanding of the role of miRNA polymorphisms in POI and POI target gene regulation.
Conclusion
Several genetic studies using the candidate gene approach have now been undertaken, and many potentially causal gene variants have been identified in POI [4, 49,50]. However, there are no examples that show how the SNP polymorphisms at the miRNA level affect the 3’-UTR of miRNA target genes in POI. We found evidence that the genetic polymorphism in miR-146aC>G regulated several POI-related target genes. Previous reports showed that polymorphisms in the miR-146a precursor (rs2910164) altered the expression of pre- and mature miR-146a [51–53]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate POI-related gene regulation by miR-146a polymorphisms. As more experimental information about transcriptional regulation of miRNA genes themselves and their target genes is reported, we could extend the current study to have a deeper understanding of miRNA target gene regulation and the relationship between the regulation of miRNA genes and that of their targets in POI.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. Validation of microarray data by real-time PCR.
mRNA was extracted following miR-146aC and miR-146aG expression. The expression of mRNAs relative to GAPDH RNA was determined by real-time PCR.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183479.s001
(TIF)
S2 Fig. Western blot was used to detect FOXE1 and FOXL2 protein levels in each group.
KGN cells were transfected with miR-146aC or miR-146aG in pcDNA3.1 or controls. Protein expression levels were normalized using GAPDH expression.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183479.s002
(TIF)
S1 Table. Target genes of miR-146aC>G predicted using TargetRank software.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183479.s003
(DOCX)
S2 Table. Putative miR-146a binding target genes.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183479.s004
(DOCX)
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