Figures
Abstract
ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a member of the bZIP gene family, is a positive regulator of the light signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Whereas the hy5 mutant exhibits an elongated hypocotyl when grown in the light, the hy5 homolog (hyh) mutant does not. Although the functions of HY5 and HYH in light-mediated seedling development have been revealed, the tissue-specific expression patterns of HY5 and HYH and their interconnected regulation are largely unknown. Here, we report that HY5 regulates HYH expression in roots and contributes to root growth under different light conditions. We generated HY5 and HYH transcriptional and translational fusion reporter lines to investigate their expression patterns. HY5 was constitutively expressed in all root tissues, while HYH was predominantly expressed in root xylem cells. Root growth after a dark-to-light transition was perturbed in the hy5 and hy5hyh mutant lines, but not in the hyh mutant line, indicating that HY5 plays a major role in light-regulated root growth. Light-induced HY5/HYH expression occurred autonomously in roots. HYH expression in roots was decreased in the hy5 mutant, suggesting that HY5 regulates HYH expression. Collectively, these results indicate that an organ-specific HY5-mediated pathway controls root photomorphogenic development independently of light signaling in the shoot.
Citation: Zhang Y, Li C, Zhang J, Wang J, Yang J, Lv Y, et al. (2017) Dissection of HY5/HYH expression in Arabidopsis reveals a root-autonomous HY5-mediated photomorphogenic pathway. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0180449. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449
Editor: Keqiang Wu, National Taiwan University, TAIWAN
Received: December 26, 2016; Accepted: June 15, 2017; Published: July 6, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was partially funded by the Initial Project for Post-Graduates of Hubei University of Medicine to Y.Z. (2016QDJZR14), L.Z. (2016QDJZR11), and C.L., the Foundation of Hu'Bei Health and Family planning Commission (WJ2017F068) to Y.Z. and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK201702016) to G.W.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Light is essential for plant growth and development, providing energy for photosynthesis and regulating seedling photomorphogenesis, seed germination, shade avoidance, and photoperiod responses [1,2]. Among these developmental processes, photomorphogenesis is one of the most extensively studied [3]. Molecular genetic studies have revealed various regulators downstream of photoreceptors [4,5], including the RING E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), a major integrator of light responses [6]. COP1 ubiquitinates two downstream basic domain/leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) and HY5 HOMOLOG (HYH), and mediates their degradation [7–9]. HY5 was the first transcription factor shown to be involved in promoting photomorphogenesis, and has been extensively studied [10–12]. Although mutations in HY5 result in elongated hypocotyls even under constant light, the hyh mutant exhibits no obvious phenotype [7,13,14]. Both of these genes are required for UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8)-regulated UV-B signaling [15]. PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 2 (TCP2) was reported to transcriptionally activate HY5 and HYH expression via the cryptochrome 1 (CRY1)-mediated photosensory signaling pathway [16].
In nature, the root systems of most terrestrial plants are underground and in darkness; however, roots contain photoreceptors that may detect ambient light through the soil [17,18], and can also respond to direct illumination when grown in transparent Petri dishes [19–21]. The root cap is reported to be essential for the photophobic root behavior in maize, which implies that a local light response exists in roots [22]. The SCAR/WAVE complex, which facilitates nucleation of new short F-actin branches from existing filaments, mediates light-induced root elongation independently from the shoot in Arabidopsis [23]. In contrast to the well-studied light responses of aboveground tissues, the mechanism by which light regulates root development is not well understood. Previous work has suggested that COP1-mediated auxin transport is involved in adapting root growth to the ambient light conditions [24], while the light-dependent signaling of HY5, the best-characterized target of COP1-mediated proteolysis, plays an important role in PIN2 intracellular distribution in roots [25]. Recently, it was reported that aboveground light is directly transmitted through the stem and activates phytochrome B in the roots, triggering HY5-mediated light responses [26]. Moreover, HY5 mediates the promotion of root growth and nitrate uptake in response to light, acting as a shoot-to-root mobile signal [27]. However, the mechanism by which HY5 regulates root photomorphogenesis is largely unknown. Root growth in response to light is therefore mostly influenced by shoot-derived signals; however, we speculate that a root-autonomous light response also exists.
There is growing evidence to suggest that HY5 and HYH expression is upregulated by light in the seedling [7,9,28]. However, their expression in roots has yet to be fully elucidated. A genome-wide study using chromatin immunoprecipitation with DNA chip hybridization (ChIP-chip) revealed that the HYH promoter has putative binding sites for HY5 [10]. A number of HY5 putative target genes identified in the ChIP-chip study were confirmed using a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay and/or chromatin immunoprecipitation, including COP1 [29], FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (FHY1) and its homolog FHY1-LIKE (FHL) [12], and the nitrate uptake gene NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 (NRT1.1/CHL1) [30]. Elucidating the regulatory relationship between HY5 and HYH is a key step in deciphering the response of roots to light.
Here, we investigated the expression patterns of HY5 and HYH, and found that HY5 directly regulates HYH expression in roots. We confirmed that HY5, and to a lesser extent HYH, contributes to root growth under dark/light conditions.
Materials and methods
Plant materials and growth conditions
All Arabidopsis mutants used in this study were in the Columbia (Col-0) background. The hy5-2 (SALK_056405), hy5-51 (SALK_096651), and hyh (WISCDSLOX253D10) mutants were obtained from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre. The primers used for genotyping are listed in S1 Table. Seedlings were germinated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar plates and then incubated in a near-vertical position at 22°C under continuous white light (120 μmol m−2 s−1) or darkness (packed with foil) in a plant growth chamber for 7 d or as indicated.
Plasmid construction and plant transformation
To generate HY5 and HYH promoter fusion constructs, promoter regions upstream of the start codons of HY5 and HYH were fused to a GUS (β-Glucuronidase) or ERGFP (Endoplasmic Reticulum-Green Fluorescent Protein) reporter gene and nopaline synthase terminator in the pGreenII-0229 plasmid (www.pgreen.ac.uk). To create protein fusion constructs of HY5::HY5:GFP and HYH::HYH:GFP, genomic fragments of HY5 and HYH, including the respective 700-bp and 3000-bp promoter region (up to the next upstream gene), were fused in frame to the N terminus of the GFP reporter gene engineered in pGreenII-0229. The resulting constructs were then transformed into WT and/or hy5 plants using the floral dip method [31]. The primers used for cloning are listed in S1 Table.
Phenotypic and expression analyses
GUS staining was performed as previously described [24]. Briefly, samples of 7-day-old seedlings were incubated in assay buffer [50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.0), 10 mM EDTA, 1 mM potassium ferricyanide, 1 mM potassium ferrocyanide, 0.1% Triton X-100, 20% methanol, and 0.5 mg/mL X-Gluc A] at 37°C until sufficient staining was observed. GUS activity was analyzed with a Nikon 80i microscope using Nomarski interference contrast optics. To prepare cross sections, roots were embedded in 2% agarose, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated in an ethanol series, embedded in Technovit 7100 (Heraeus Kulzer, EBSciences), and sectioned at 15 μm. For analyses of hypocotyl and root phenotypes, 4-day-old etiolated seedlings were transferred to light for additional days (one additional day for hypocotyl and eight additional days for root). Root tip positions were marked with a pen each day. Seedlings were imaged with a Canon 40D camera and root length was measured using ImageJ (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/). Quantitative analyses of the root apical meristem (RAM) were performed as previously described [24]. Statistical analyses (pairwise two-tailed Student’s t-test) were performed using Microsoft Excel. Confocal imaging was performed using a Leica TCS SP2 microscope. Propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich; 10 μg/mL dissolved in water) was used to counterstain root cells. Epifluorescence images were taken using a Leica M205FA stereomicroscope. The roots of the seedlings were submerged in water on the microscope slide before the coverslip was placed over the root. For all light/dark transition experiments, seedlings were grown in continuous light or darkness for 5 d. Seedlings were then transferred to the opposite condition for 24 h. Samples were then imaged under a confocal microscope or stereomicroscope. For the decapitation experiment, 5-day-old light- and dark-grown seedlings were decapitated by a double edge razor blade before the light/dark transition. Each experiment was repeated at least three times.
Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
RNA was isolated using Tranzol (Transgene) in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol. cDNA was prepared using a PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit (RR047A, Takara). Relative expression levels were determined by qRT-PCR using the ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR System or the ViiA™ 7 Real-Time PCR System (Life Technologies). EF1α was used as reference gene for normalization. The primer sequences used for qRT-PCR analysis are listed in S1 Table.
Yeast one-hybrid assays (Y1H)
For yeast one-hybrid assays, plasmids harboring AD (activation domain) fusions were cotransformed with the LacZ reporter gene driven by four fragments (frag 1–frag 4) of the HYH promoter into the yeast strain EGY48 [12,32]. Transformants were grown on proper dropout plates containing X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3- indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) for blue color development. Yeast transformation was conducted as described in the Yeast Protocols Handbook (Clontech). The primers used for cloning are listed in S1 Table.
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)
The full-length coding region of HY5 was first cloned in frame into the SalI–EcoRI sites of the pSPUTK in vitro transition vector (Stratagene). The HY5 protein was synthesized using a TNT SP6 Quick Coupled Transcription/Translation System (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions in a total volume of 10 μL [33]. 3’ FAM oligonucleotides were synthesized and labeled by the Shanghai Sangon Company (S1 Table). To generate double- stranded oligos, an equal amount of the complementary single-stranded oligos was mixed, heated to 95°C for 2 min, and annealed by gradually cooling down to 25°C. To perform the EMSA, HY5 was pre-incubated with the Binding buffer [1 μg poly(dI-dC), 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 50 mM KCl, 1 mM DTT, 2.5% glycerol, and 5 mM MgCl2] at room temperature for 20 min. For the competition assay, non-labeled probe was incubated with protein and Binding buffer at room temperature for 20 min. Then, 1 μL of 3’ FAM-labeled probe (10 μM) was added and samples were incubated at room temperature for 20 min. The samples were then subjected to electrophoresis on 6% PAGE gels running with 0.5× Tris-borate- EDTA buffer at 4°C in darkness for 1 h. The fluorescence signaling was captured using a FLA-5100 fluorescent image analyzer (Fuji).
Results
Expression pattern of HY5 and HYH in response to light
To investigate the expression patterns of the light signaling master regulator HY5 and its homolog HYH, we constructed their promoter reporter lines, HY5::GUS and HYH::GUS, respectively. These lines revealed that the two genes exhibited a similar expression pattern in shoots grown in the light (Fig 1A and S1 Fig). In dark-grown etiolated seedlings, both lines showed GUS activity in the cotyledons; however, HY5 was expressed in the upper hypocotyl, whereas HYH was not (Fig 1A). Immunoblot analysis of total protein extracts from intact seedlings previously revealed that HY5 and HYH were induced after light treatment [7,9]. We confirmed this finding using the HY5::GUS line, in which HY5 was expressed in the entire hypocotyl following a dark-to-light transition. By contrast, HYH was not induced in the hypocotyl (Fig 1A). The increase in hypocotyl elongation of etiolated seedlings after light treatment was enhanced in the hy5-2 and hy5-2 hyh mutant lines, but not in the hyh single mutant (Fig 1B and S1 Data). These results confirm the previous findings that HY5, but not HYH, is a major repressor of hypocotyl elongation during shoot photomorphogenesis.
(A) Expression patterns of HY5::GUS and HYH::GUS reporter lines in the shoots of plants grown under light, dark, and dark-to-light conditions for 7 d. Scale bar: 1 cm. (B) The increase in hypocotyl length of four-day-old etiolated wild-type (WT), hy5-2, hyh, and hy5-2 hyh seedlings exposed to light for an additional day (n>12). Error bars represent SD (standard deviation). (C) Expression patterns of HY5::GUS and HYH::GUS reporter lines in the roots of plants grown in the light for 7 d. The middle and right panels are cross sections of the roots shown in the left panels, at positions denoted by the upper and lower dashed lines, respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm. (D and E) Primary root length (D) and root apical meristem (RAM) size (E) of four-day-old etiolated WT, hy5-2, hyh, and hy5-2 hyh seedlings transferred to constant light (n = 20). Error bars represent SD. In C, D, and E, error bars with different letters indicate a significant difference at p<0.05 (t test).
HY5 and HYH were shown to be differentially expressed in the roots (Fig 1C). In plants grown in the light, HY5 was constitutively expressed in all root tissues, while HYH was predominantly expressed in the root vascular tissues and columella cells (Fig 1C). A root cross section of the HYH::GUS line showed GUS activity in the xylem cells (Fig 1C). The expression of HY5 and HYH in roots suggests that the HY5-mediated light signaling pathway may also function in root development. We measured the root length of wild-type (WT), hy5-2, hyh, and hy5-2 hyh lines under dark conditions. For the nine days measured, there were no significant differences in the hy5-2, hyh, and hy5-2 hyh lines compared with the WT in darkness (Figure A in S2 Fig and S2 Data). These observations indicate that HY5 and HYH do not function in early root development under dark conditions. Given that HY5 and HYH were induced by light, we also examined the root length and cortex cell number of WT, hy5-2, hyh, and hy5-2 hyh plants following a dark-to-light transition. After transferring four-day-old etiolated seedlings to the light, the hy5-2 and hy5-2 hyh lines, but not the hyh mutant, exhibited shorter roots and smaller root apical meristems than the WT (Fig 1D and 1E and S1 Data). These results indicate that HY5, but not HYH, promotes root elongation after a transition from dark to light conditions. In addition, the hy5-2 hyh double mutant showed a more severe root phenotype than hy5-2 after eight days of growth in light (Fig 1D and 1E and S1 Data). When grown in the light for 9 to 10 d, the hy5-2 and hy5-2 hyh mutants had shorter roots than the WT and hyh lines, with the shortest roots observed in the double mutant (Figure B in S2 Fig and S2 Data). These results indicate that HYH plays a role in late root development in response to light. The observation that HY5 has different functions in shoot and root elongation suggest that these systems respond differently to light. Although these homologs exhibit different expression patterns, the root phenotypes suggest that there is functional redundancy between them.
Light induces HY5 and HYH transcripts and proteins in roots
Under the typical agar-plate culture system, the entire Arabidopsis seedling, including the root, is exposed to light; however, the light response and corresponding gene expression patterns of roots have not been extensively examined in previous photomorphogenic studies [5,19–21]. In the present study, we generated the HY5 and HYH transcriptional/translational GFP reporter lines (HY5::ERGFP and HY5::HY5-GFP, HYH::ERGFP, and HYH::HYH-GFP) to investigate their expression in roots in response to light. In addition, the GFP fusions driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were generated and subsequently introduced into WT or hy5-2 mutant backgrounds and confirmed to function properly using a hypocotyl elongation assay (S3 Fig and S3 Data). Both HY5 and HYH transcripts and proteins accumulated in roots under the light and dark-to-light transition conditions, but were suppressed in darkness and under the light-to-dark transition conditions (Fig 2). A qRT-PCR analysis determined that the transcriptional levels of HY5 and HYH were 4.9 ± 0.5 (mean ± SD) and 4.2 ± 0.3 times greater in the light than in darkness, respectively (S4 Fig and S4 Data). These results indicate that both HY5 and HYH levels are altered in response to light in the root.
(A–H) Expression of HY5 promoter fusion (A–D) and protein fusion (E–H) lines in roots under light, dark, light-to-dark and dark-to-light transition conditions. (I–P) Expression of the HYH promoter fusion (I–L) and protein fusion (M–P) lines in roots under light, dark, light-to-dark, and dark-to-light transition conditions. Scale bar represents 50 μm.
Root-autonomous regulation of HY5 and HYH expression in response to light
Changes in HY5 and HYH expression in roots following exposure to light might be regulated by a signal from the shoot or, alternatively, might be root autonomous. To test these hypotheses, we examined the expression patterns of HY5 and HYH in roots after removing the shoots. In decapitated HY5::HY5-GFP and HYH::HYH-GFP lines, the expression levels of both genes increased and decreased when plants were subjected to the dark-to-light and light-to-dark transition conditions, respectively (Fig 3). These responses were similar in both decapitated plants and intact seedlings, indicating that HY5 and HYH expression in the roots respond to light in a root-autonomous manner.
(A) Diagram of the decapitation procedure. Dashed lines mark the cutting positions. Letters in brackets represent the corresponding panels. (B,C,F,G) Expression of HY5 protein fusion lines in roots of decapitated or intact plants under dark-to-light and light-to-dark transitions. (D,E,H,I) Expression of HYH protein fusion lines in roots of decapitated or intact plants under dark-to-light and light-to-dark transitions. (J,K) Expression of HY5 protein fusion lines in the roots of intact seedlings under dark and light growth conditions. (L,M) Expression of HYH protein fusion lines in the roots of intact seedlings under dark and light growth conditions. Images were acquired using a fluorescence stereomicroscope. The dotted line indicates the root outline. Scale bar in (B): 50 μm.
HYH expression in roots is regulated by HY5
To further study the functions of HY5/HYH in root development in response to light, we investigated the interconnected regulation of HY5 and HYH. Given that HY5 and HYH expression were repressed under dark conditions, we first examined the expression of these genes in the reciprocal mutants using qRT-PCR and reporter lines grown in the light. HY5 transcript levels were similar in both the shoots and roots of the hyh mutant compared with those observed in the WT (Figure A in S5 Fig and S5 Data). Examination of the HY5::HY5-GFP line indicated that there was no difference in the level of HY5 protein in the roots of the WT and the hyh mutant (Figure B in S5 Fig), suggesting that HY5 is not regulated by HYH. In a previous study, hy5-2 was demonstrated to be a knockout mutant [34]. However, to exclude any possible T-DNA multi-insertion effects in this line, the experiments were repeated using another T-DNA insertion line, hy5-51 (SALK_096651), which has also been repeatedly used in published research [35]. The hy5-51 mutant is also a knockout line, and exhibits the same phenotype as hy5-2 (Figure A to C in S6 Fig). The HYH transcript level was repressed in the root but not the shoot of both hy5 mutants (Figure D and E in S6 Fig and S6 Data). To confirm that HYH is repressed in the hy5-2 mutant, we examined the HYH promoter reporter and protein reporter lines in the hy5-2 background and compared these with the WT. The promoter activity of HYH, represented by HYH::GUS, exhibited no differences in the shoots of the WT and the hy5-2 mutant (Fig 4A and 4B). Similarly, the levels of HYH protein in the cotyledons and hypocotyls were unchanged in the WT and hy5-2 mutant seedlings (Fig 4C to 4F). By contrast, HYH transcript and protein levels in the roots were decreased in the hy5-2 mutant compared with the WT (Fig 4G to 4J). These results indicate the existence of a root-specific HY5-mediated pathway that regulates HYH expression.
(A,B) Expression of the HYH::GUS fusion in shoots of 7-d-old light-grown WT (A) and hy5-2 (B) seedlings. Scale bar in (A,B): 1 mm. (C,D) Expression of the HYH::HYH-GFP fusion in the cotyledons of WT (C) and hy5-2 (D) seedlings. (E,F) Expression of the HYH::HYH-GFP fusion in the hypocotyls of WT (E) and hy5-2 (F) seedlings. (G,H) Expression of the HYH::ERGFP fusion in the roots of WT (G) and hy5-2 (H) seedlings. (I,J) Expression of the HYH::HYH-GFP fusion in the roots of WT (I) and hy5-2 (J) seedlings. Scale bars in (C–J): 50 μm.
A previous genome-wide study showed that HYH is one of the targets of the HY5 transcription factor [10], suggesting that HYH is regulated by HY5. To confirm this, we performed a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay. HY5 has been shown to bind to ACGT-containing elements (ACEs) and promote the activation of light-induced genes [10,12,36]. Several putative HY5 binding sites were selected from the HYH promoter region for the Y1H assay (Fig 5A). The expression of the LacZ reporter gene was determined by the production of a blue colored colony on the X-gal plates. We found that HY5 bound to fragment 3 (frag 3) of the HYH promoter region, which contains three ACEs (Fig 5B). Although frag 1 and frag 4 also contain putative HY5 binding sites, they exhibited no binding activity in our Y1H assay. However, frag 2 showed strong trans-activation activity in yeast cells, because the negative control also appeared blue. To further confirm the binding activity at frag 3, three probes containing one single ACE each were designed and used to perform an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA; Fig 5C). The EMSA results indicated that HY5 could bind to the frag 3–2 and frag 3–3 regions of fragment 3. Collectively, our results indicate that HY5 binds directly to the HYH promoter at the frag 3 region.
(A) Schematic model of HYH genomic sequences. Four fragments of the HYH promoter region (frag 1–4; indicated by lines) were selected for use in a yeast one-hybrid assay (Y1H). Asterisks represent the putative HY5 binding sites. The “ACGT” sequences targeted by HY5 are highlighted for frag 3. (B) Y1H demonstrating that HY5 binds to the HYH promoter at frag 3. COP1 serves as a positive control [27] and the empty vector expressing the AD domain alone is the negative control. (C) An EMSA confirmed the binding of HY5 to the promoter of HYH. Scheme showing the structure of the frag 3 region. The squares indicate ACGT-containing elements (ACE) in frag 3. The corresponding electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) probes are illustrated as frags 3–1, 3–2, and 3–3. HY5 was produced in an in vitro expression system. The labeled probes were 3' FAM oligonucleotides, while non-labeled probes served as competitors. Arrows indicate the shifted bands.
Discussion
The roles of HY5 in plant photomorphogenesis have been extensively studied, with a major focus on the shoot system [10,14,37]. Furthermore, large-scale omics data support the notion that HY5 is a key signal integration point during dark-to-light transitions [10,36,38]. It was recently demonstrated that phyB-activated HY5 mediates cellular responses to light in the root, and is important for primary root growth and root gravitropism [26,39]. HY5 has been reported to be a shoot-to-root mobile signal that mediates the light-responsive coupling of shoot growth and carbon assimilation with root growth and nitrogen uptake in Arabidopsis [27]. These findings suggest that HY5 expression in the root affects both its growth and the expression of other genes in this tissue through two distinct pathways [26,27]. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying root photomorphogenesis is fragmented. The accelerated root growth of hy5 was reported to be associated with auxin signaling [13]; however, although HY5 is known to integrate the light and hormone signaling pathways [40], the details of this crosstalk are unclear.
In this study, HY5 and HYH expression patterns were examined at the tissue level and under various light/dark growth conditions using GUS and GFP reporter lines (Fig 1A and 1B, Fig 2 and S1 Fig). Generally, both HY5 and HYH showed similar expression patterns in the shoots in both darkness and in the light (Fig 1A and S1 Fig). Unlike HY5, HYH was not expressed in hypocotyls following the dark-to-light transition (Fig 1A), suggesting that HY5, but not HYH, contributes to hypocotyl elongation. Interestingly, HY5 and HYH had distinct expression patterns in the root; HY5 was expressed in all root tissues, while HYH was predominantly expressed in the root vascular tissues and the root cap (Fig 1C). A phenotypic analysis of root length in the WT and hy5-2, hyh, and hy5-2 hyh mutants indicated that growth of the primary root of the hy5-2 mutant, but not the hyh mutant, was suppressed during the dark-to-light transition, with the most severe short-root phenotype observed in the hy5-2 hyh double mutant (Fig 1D and 1E and S2 Fig). These results indicate that HY5 and HYH function in root development during de-etiolation.
Previous immunoblot analyses of total protein extracts from intact seedlings revealed that the expression of both HY5 and HYH is induced by light [7,9]. In the present study, we used reporter lines to provide direct tissue-level evidence that the expression of both HY5 and HYH in the roots is induced by light (Fig 2). Additionally, decapitation experiments suggested that the root response of HY5 and HYH to light occurs in a root-autonomous manner (Fig 3). In combination with the root phenotype of the hy5-2 and hy5-2 hyh mutants, our results indicate that root growth is regulated by the HY5/HYH-mediated light signaling pathway.
Roots may perceive light signals directly by photoreceptors [17,18]. Extensive studies showed that interactions between cryptochrome and phototropin play a key role in root phototropism and architecture [18,41–43]. Recent studies have shown that HY5 positively regulates the activity of its own promoter in a tissue-specific manner [44], and that HY5 and HYH bind to the T/G-box in the HY5 promoter and act redundantly to induce HY5 expression upon UV-B exposure [45]. An immunoblot analysis indicated that HYH protein levels are decreased in the hy5 mutant and that HYH and HY5 might heterodimerize with each other in vivo [7]. To further elucidate the interconnected regulation of HY5 and HYH, we examined the reciprocal expression of HY5 and HYH in their mutants using qRT-PCR and reporter lines grown in the light (Fig 4 and S3 Fig). Our findings indicated that HYH expression in roots is regulated by HY5. These results, in addition to previous immunoblot data [7], further demonstrate that the suppression of HYH in the hy5 mutant is achieved in a root-specific manner. Similar to the regulation of HYH, the chalcone synthase gene (CHS1) was previously shown to be strongly induced by light in a HY5-dependent pathway, and the induction of CHS1::GUS was also specific to the root [8].
The results of Y1H and EMSA indicated that HY5 directly binds to a particular section (frag 3) of the HYH promoter that contains putative HY5 binding sites (ACEs) (Fig 5). Consistently, although HY5 and HYH have additive effects in hypocotyl elongation [7], the hy5 and hy5hyh mutants exhibited opposite lateral root architecture phenotypes [13]. Our findings suggest different pathways might be involved in the light-induced expression of HYH in the roots and shoots. We speculate that a possible unidentified factor might regulate HY5 and HYH during shoot photomorphogenesis. Further research is needed to fully elucidate these mechanisms.
Light is an important environmental factor influencing root growth. Long-distance signal transduction has long since been thought to be an important mechanism for the light response in roots [21], and auxin is the master signaling molecule in this pathway [24,25]. Furthermore, root apices generate massive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after only a few seconds of illumination [19,46]. Since roots grow continuously when placed in transparent Petri dishes, it was concluded that ROS, as a stress introduced by light, stimulates root growth [19]. How roots integrate shoot-derived and local signals is therefore fundamental for plant development. In previous photomorphogenic studies, the expression patterns of HY5 and HYH were not adequately dissected, since both the roots and shoots were exposed to light. In the present study, we have revealed a tissue-specific HY5-mediated pathway that regulates light-induced root growth independently of light signaling in the shoot. Further work is needed to reveal the molecular components involved in this process.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. Expression patterns of HY5 and HYH in two additional T2 transgenic promoter fusion and protein fusion lines.
Seven-day-old light-grown (A–D) HY5::GUS; (E–H) HYH::GUS; (I–L) HY5::ERGFP; (M–P) HYH::ERGFP; (Q–T) HY5::HYH5-GFP; and (U–X) HYH::HYH-GFP seedlings. Numbers (#2, #3) on the upper right indicate individual T2 lines. Scale bars in A, C, E, G, I, K, M, and O: 1 cm. Scale bars in the remaining panels: 50 μm.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s001
(TIF)
S2 Fig. Primary root lengths of wild-type, hy5-2, hyh, and hy5-2 hyh lines grown in darkness and light.
(A) Primary root length of the wild-type (WT), hy5-2, hyh, and hy5-2 hyh lines grown in darkness (n = 20). Error bars represent SD. (B) Primary root length of the WT, hy5-2, hyh, and hy5-2 hyh lines in the light (n>20). Error bars represent SD. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p<0.05 (t test).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s002
(TIF)
S3 Fig. Functional analysis of HY5 and HYH translational GFP fusion lines.
The hypocotyl length of 6-d-old light-grown wild type (WT), hy5-2 mutant, and transgenic seedlings in the WT or hy5-2 mutant background. Error bars represent SD (n>40). Bars with different letters are significantly different at p<0.05 (t test).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s003
(TIF)
S4 Fig. Expression level of HY5 and HYH in roots under dark and light growth conditions.
qRT-PCR quantification of HY5 and HYH transcripts. Error bars represent SD from three independent experiments. HY5 and HYH transcripts were normalized to the EF1α gene. ** P< 0.01, t test.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s004
(TIF)
S5 Fig. Expression level of HY5 in the shoot and root of wild-type and hyh seedlings.
(A) qRT-PCR quantification of HY5 transcripts in the shoots and roots of wild-type and hyh plants. Error bars represent SD from three independent experiments. HY5 transcripts were normalized to the EF1α gene. (B) Expression pattern of the HY5 protein fusion line in roots of wild-type and hyh plants. The dotted line indicates the root outline. Scale bar: 50 μm.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s005
(TIF)
S6 Fig. Expression level of HYH transcripts in the shoots and roots of WT and hy5 mutants.
(A) Schematic diagram showing the genomic structure of HY5. Gray boxes represent exons and horizontal lines represent introns. Arrowheads indicate the location of T-DNA insertion sites in the HY5 gene. ATG, start codon; TGA, stop codon. (B) Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of HY5 expression in wild-type (WT) plants and the hy5-51 mutant. ACT2 serves as reference. (C) Lateral root phenotypes of 12-d-old light-grown WT, hy5-2, and hy5-51 seedlings. Scale bar: 1 cm. (D,E) qRT-PCR quantification of HYH transcripts in the shoots and roots of the WT and hy5 mutant. Error bars represent SD from three independent experiments. HYH transcripts were normalized to the EF1α gene. ** P< 0.01, t test.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s006
(TIF)
S1 Data. Mutant phenotypic analysis in response to light, related to Fig 1B, 1D and 1E.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s008
(XLSX)
S2 Data. Mutant phenotypic analysis under dark conditions, related to S2 Fig.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s009
(XLSX)
S3 Data. Functional analysis of HY5 and HYH translational GFP fusion lines, related to S3 Fig.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s010
(XLSX)
S4 Data. Expression level of HY5 and HYH in roots under dark and light growth conditions, related to S4 Fig.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s011
(XLSX)
S5 Data. Expression level of HY5 in the shoot and root of wild-type and hyh seedlings, related to S5A Fig.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s012
(XLSX)
S6 Data. Expression level of HYH transcripts in the shoots and roots of WT and hy5 mutants, related to S6D and S6E Fig.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180449.s013
(XLSX)
References
- 1. Halliday KJ, Martinez-Garcia JF, Josse EM. Integration of Light and Auxin Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009;1(6). pmid:20457562.
- 2. Jiao Y, Lau OS, Deng XW. Light-regulated transcriptional networks in higher plants. Nat Rev Genet. 2007;8(3):217–30. pmid:17304247
- 3. Briggs WR, Lin CT. Photomorphogenesis—from One Photoreceptor to 14: 40 Years of Progress. Mol Plant. 2012;5(3):531–2. pmid:22610604
- 4. Li J, Terzaghi W, Deng XW. Genomic basis for light control of plant development. Protein Cell. 2012;3(2):106–16. Epub 2012/03/20. pmid:22426979.
- 5. Arsovski AA, Galstyan A, Guseman JM, Nemhauser JL. Photomorphogenesis. Arabidopsis Book. 2012:e0147. pmid:22582028.
- 6. Yi C, Deng XW. COP1—from plant photomorphogenesis to mammalian tumorigenesis. Trends Cell Biol. 2005;15(11):618–25. Epub 2005/10/04. pmid:16198569.
- 7. Holm M, Ma LG, Qu LJ, Deng XW. Two interacting bZIP proteins are direct targets of COP1-mediated control of light-dependent gene expression in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 2002;16(10):1247–59. Epub 2002/05/23. pmid:12023303.
- 8. Ang LH, Chattopadhyay S, Wei N, Oyama T, Okada K, Batschauer A, et al. Molecular interaction between COP1 and HY5 defines a regulatory switch for light control of Arabidopsis development. Mol Cell. 1998;1(2):213–22. Epub 1998/07/11. pmid:9659918.
- 9. Osterlund MT, Hardtke CS, Wei N, Deng XW. Targeted destabilization of HY5 during light-regulated development of Arabidopsis. Nature. 2000;405(6785):462–6. Epub 2000/06/06. pmid:10839542.
- 10. Lee J, He K, Stolc V, Lee H, Figueroa P, Gao Y, et al. Analysis of transcription factor HY5 genomic binding sites revealed its hierarchical role in light regulation of development. Plant Cell. 2007;19(3):731–49. pmid:17337630.
- 11. Ang LH, Deng XW. Regulatory hierarchy of photomorphogenic loci: allele-specific and light-dependent interaction between the HY5 and COP1 loci. Plant Cell. 1994;6(5):613–28. Epub 1994/05/01. pmid:8038602.
- 12. Li JG, Li G, Gao SM, Martinez C, He GM, Zhou ZZ, et al. Arabidopsis Transcription Factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 Plays a Role in the Feedback Regulation of Phytochrome A Signaling. Plant Cell. 2010;22(11):3634–49. pmid:21097709.
- 13. Sibout R, Sukumar P, Hettiarachchi C, Holm M, Muday GK, Hardtke CS. Opposite root growth phenotypes of hy5 versus hy5 hyh mutants correlate with increased constitutive auxin signaling. PLoS Genet. 2006;2(11):e202. Epub 2006/11/24. pmid:17121469.
- 14. Oyama T, Shimura Y, Okada K. The Arabidopsis HY5 gene encodes a bZIP protein that regulates stimulus-induced development of root and hypocotyl. Genes Dev. 1997;11(22):2983–95. Epub 1997/12/31. pmid:9367981.
- 15. Brown BA, Jenkins GI. UV-B signaling pathways with different fluence-rate response profiles are distinguished in mature Arabidopsis leaf tissue by requirement for UVR8, HY5, and HYH. Plant Physiol. 2008;146(2):576–88. Epub 2007/12/07. pmid:18055587.
- 16. He Z, Zhao X, Kong F, Zuo Z, Liu X. TCP2 positively regulates HY5/HYH and photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot. 2016;67(3):775–85. pmid:26596765.
- 17. Galen C, Rabenold JJ, Liscum E. Light-sensing in roots. Plant Signal Behav. 2007;2(2):106–8. Epub 2007/03/01. pmid:19704750.
- 18. Salisbury FJ, Hall A, Grierson CS, Halliday KJ. Phytochrome coordinates Arabidopsis shoot and root development. Plant J. 2007;50(3):429–38. Epub 2007/04/11. pmid:17419844.
- 19. Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. Root photomorphogenesis in laboratory-maintained Arabidopsis seedlings. Trends Plant Sci. 2013;18(3):117–9. pmid:23395309.
- 20. Xu W, Ding G, Yokawa K, Baluska F, Li Q-F, Liu Y, et al. An improved agar-plate method for studying root growth and response of Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep. 2013;3. pmid:23429403.
- 21. Yokawa K, Fasano R, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. Light as stress factor to plant roots–case of root halotropism. Front Plant Sci. 2014;5(718). pmid:25566292.
- 22. Burbach C, Markus K, Zhang Y, Schlicht M, Baluška F. Photophobic behavior of maize roots. Plant Signal Behav. 2012;7(7):874–8. pmid:22751294.
- 23. Dyachok J, Zhu L, Liao F, He J, Huq E, Blancaflor EB. SCAR Mediates Light-Induced Root Elongation in Arabidopsis through Photoreceptors and Proteasomes. Plant Cell. 2011;23(10):3610–26. pmid:21972261.
- 24. Sassi M, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Dhonukshe P, Blilou I, et al. COP1 mediates the coordination of root and shoot growth by light through modulation of PIN1- and PIN2-dependent auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Development. 2012;139(18):3402–12. Epub 2012/08/23. pmid:22912415.
- 25. Laxmi A, Pan J, Morsy M, Chen R. Light plays an essential role in intracellular distribution of auxin efflux carrier PIN2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(1):e1510. pmid:18231596.
- 26. Lee HJ, Ha JH, Kim SG, Choi HK, Kim ZH, Han YJ, et al. Stem-piped light activates phytochrome B to trigger light responses in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Sci Signal. 2016; 9(452):ra106. pmid:27803284.
- 27. Chen X, Yao Q, Gao X, Jiang C, Harberd NP, Fu X. Shoot-to-Root Mobile Transcription Factor HY5 Coordinates Plant Carbon and Nitrogen Acquisition. Curr Biol. 2016;26(5):640–6. pmid:26877080.
- 28. Singh A, Ram H, Abbas N, Chattopadhyay S. Molecular interactions of GBF1 with HY5 and HYH proteins during light-mediated seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(31):25995–6009. Epub 2012/06/14. pmid:22692212.
- 29. Huang X, Ouyang X, Yang P, Lau OS, Li G, Li J, et al. Arabidopsis FHY3 and HY5 Positively Mediate Induction of COP1 Transcription in Response to Photomorphogenic UV-B Light. Plant Cell 2012. pmid:23150635.
- 30. Jonassen EM, Sevin DC, Lillo C. The bZIP transcription factors HY5 and HYH are positive regulators of the main nitrate reductase gene in Arabidopsis leaves, NIA2, but negative regulators of the nitrate uptake gene NRT1.1. J Plant Physiol. 2009;166(18):2071–6. Epub 2009/06/23. pmid:19540016.
- 31. Clough SJ, Bent AF. Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 1998;16(6):735–43. pmid:10069079.
- 32. Lin R, Ding L, Casola C, Ripoll DR, Feschotte C, Wang H. Transposase-Derived Transcription Factors Regulate Light Signaling in Arabidopsis. Science. 2007;318(5854):1302–5. pmid:18033885.
- 33. Smaczniak C, Immink RG, Muino JM, Blanvillain R, Busscher M, Busscher-Lange J, et al. Characterization of MADS-domain transcription factor complexes in Arabidopsis flower development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(5):1560–5. pmid:22238427.
- 34. Li C, Zheng L, Zhang J, Lv Y, Liu J, Wang X, et al. Characterization and functional analysis of four HYH splicing variants in Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation. Gene. 2017;619:44–9. pmid:28389360.
- 35. Delker C, Sonntag L, James GV, Janitza P, Ibanez C, Ziermann H, et al. The DET1-COP1-HY5 pathway constitutes a multipurpose signaling module regulating plant photomorphogenesis and thermomorphogenesis. Cell Rep. 2014;9(6):1983–9. Epub 2014/12/24. pmid:25533339.
- 36. Zhang H, He H, Wang X, Yang X, Li L, Deng XW. Genome-wide mapping of the HY5-mediated gene networks in Arabidopsis that involve both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Plant J. 2011;65(3):346–58. Epub 2011/01/27. pmid:21265889.
- 37. Gangappa Sreeramaiah N, Botto Javier F. The Multifaceted Roles of HY5 in Plant Growth and Development. Mol Plant. 2016;9(10):1353–65. pmid:27435853.
- 38. Charron JBF, He H, Elling AA, Deng XW. Dynamic Landscapes of Four Histone Modifications during Deetiolation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009;21(12):3732–48. pmid:20008096.
- 39. Lee H-J, Ha J-H, Park C-M. Underground roots monitor aboveground environment by sensing stem-piped light. Commun Integr Biol. 2016;9(6):e1261769. pmid:28042383.
- 40. Cluis CP, Mouchel CF, Hardtke CS. The Arabidopsis transcription factor HY5 integrates light and hormone signaling pathways. Plant J. 2004;38(2):332–47. Epub 2004/04/14. pmid:15078335.
- 41. Kiss J, Correll M, Mullen J, Hangarter R, Edelmann R. Root phototropism: how light and gravity interact in shaping plant form. Gravit Space Biol Bull. 2003;16(2):55–60. pmid:12959132.
- 42. Ruppel NJ, Hangarter RP, Kiss JZ. Red-light-induced positive phototropism in Arabidopsis roots. Planta. 2001;212(3):424–30. pmid:11289607.
- 43. Kang B, Grancher N, Koyffmann V, Lardemer D, Burney S, Ahmad M. Multiple interactions between cryptochrome and phototropin blue-light signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta. 2008;227(5):1091–9. Epub 2008/01/10. pmid:18183416.
- 44. Abbas N, Maurya JP, Senapati D, Gangappa SN, Chattopadhyay S. Arabidopsis CAM7 and HY5 Physically Interact and Directly Bind to the HY5 Promoter to Regulate Its Expression and Thereby Promote Photomorphogenesis. Plant Cell. 2014;26(3):1036–52. pmid:24610722.
- 45. Binkert M, Kozma-Bognar L, Terecskei K, De Veylder L, Nagy F, Ulm R. UV-B-responsive association of the Arabidopsis bZIP transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 with target genes, including its own promoter. Plant Cell. 2014;26(10):4200–13. Epub 2014/10/30. pmid:25351492.
- 46. Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Kawano T, Mancuso S, Baluška F. Illumination of Arabidopsis roots induces immediate burst of ROS production. Plant Signal Behav. 2011;6(10):1460–4. pmid:21957498.