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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index Predicts Survival in Elderly Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients with Radiotherapy

  • Yacong Bo,

    Affiliations Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, Department of radiotherapy, Henan Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    ⨯
  • Kunlun Wang,

    Affiliation Department of radiotherapy, Henan Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    ⨯
  • Yang Liu,

    Affiliation Department of radiotherapy, Henan Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    ⨯
  • Jie You,

    Affiliation Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    ⨯
  • Han Cui,

    Affiliation Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    ⨯
  • Yiwei Zhu,

    Affiliation Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    ⨯
  • Quanjun Lu ,

    lqjnutr@zzu.edu.cn(QJL); hnyl2001@126.com (LY)

    Affiliation Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    ⨯
  • Ling Yuan

    lqjnutr@zzu.edu.cn(QJL); hnyl2001@126.com (LY)

    Affiliation Department of radiotherapy, Henan Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    ⨯

Abstract

The impact of nutritional status on survival among elderly esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients undergoing radiotherapy is unclear. In this study, we aimed at validating the performance of the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) in predicting overall survival time in elderly ESCC patients with radiotherapy. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 239 ESCC patients aged 60 and over admitted consecutively from January 2008 to November 2014 in the Department of Radiotherapy, Henan Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou, Henan, China. All patients were subjected to nutritional screening using GNRI, and were followed for the occurrence of lymphatic node metastasis, radiation complication and mortality. The Kaplan–Meier method with Log-rank test was used to estimate survival curves. Univariable Cox regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with overall survival time. Among the 239 patients, 184 patients (76.9%) took no nutritional risk, 32 patients (13.4%) took moderate risk of malnutrition, and 23 patients (9.7%) took a high risk of malnutrition. Univariable Cox regression showed that both high nutritional risk group and moderate nutritional risk group were significantly less likely to survive than no nutritional risk patients (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.688, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.019–2.798 for moderate risk group, and HR = 2.699, 95% CI = 1.512–4.819 for high risk group, respectively). The GNRI is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival time in elderly ESCC patients with radiotherapy. A GNRI ≤98 can be suggested as an indicator of surviving less.

Citation: Bo Y, Wang K, Liu Y, You J, Cui H, Zhu Y, et al. (2016) The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index Predicts Survival in Elderly Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients with Radiotherapy. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155903

Editor: Shian-Ying Sung, Taipei Medical University, TAIWAN

Received: March 4, 2016; Accepted: May 5, 2016; Published: May 19, 2016

Copyright: © 2016 Bo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This work was financially supported by a grant from the science and technology project of The Health Department of Henan Province, China (no. 510102050432).

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Esophageal cancer ranks the eighth leading cause of cancer-related deaths and the tenth most common malignancy worldwide.[1] And China is the country with top prevalence and mortality of esophageal cancer, especially esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Malnutrition commonly observed in esophageal cancer patients,[2] and the presence of malnutrition is associated with poor clinical outcomes: impairing quality of life, performance status, immune functions, muscle function, and even survival in esophageal cancer patients. [3] It has been recognized that age is an independent predictor of poor clinical outcome and nutritional disorders,[4, 5] but it is frequently unrecognized.

The GNRI, a screening index of nutrition-related risk, is an objective and simple nutritional assessment option determined by only serum albumin and body weight. This index was established by Bouillanne et al.[6] It has been proposed for the evaluation of at-risk elderly hospital patients,[7–11] chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,[12] hemodialysis patients,[13–17] and cardiovascular patients.[18–20] To date, no long-term population-based cohort studies have estimated the association between the GNRI and the survival of ESCC patients. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate whether the GNRI is a reliable predictor of the survival in elderly ESCC patients who undergone radiotherapy.

Methods and Material

Participants

The participants should meet all the following criteria: (1) aged 60 years old or older; (2) pathological diagnosis as ESCC; (3) conscious, able to stand and answer questions; (4) received radiotherapy only; The exclusion criteria for patients were as follows: (1) a pathological diagnosis of esophageal cancer other than ESCC; (2) aged less than 60 years old; (3) presence of malnutrition that resulted from other disease; (4) received surgery or chemotherapy other than radiotherapy.

The 239 ESCC patients aged 60 and over admitted consecutively from January 2008 to November 2014 in the Department of Radiotherapy, Henan Tumor Hospital(Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou, Henan, China were selected. The project was approved by the ethical committee Zhengzhou University. And all the participants signed the informed consent.

Nutritional assessment by GNRI

The data of weight, height, and serum albumin of the subjects were collected. Nutrition-related complications were assessed according to GNRI.[6, 21] The GNRI, combining two nutritional indicators: albumin and actual weight compared with ideal body weight, was developed by modifying the nutritional risk index for elderly patients.[6, 7, 11] The GNRI formula is as follows:

The participants were classified according to the following cut-offs: high risk, <92; moderate risk, 92 to 98; no risk, >98[21].

Similarly to previous study,[7, 11, 22–24] we utilized the modified categories of GNRI: severe risk (GNRI < 92) and moderate risk (GNRI 92–98) categories were included into one single category, as both groups have been demonstrated to present a high risk of complications.[6]

Follow-up

The primary study outcome was overall survival time, and the second outcomes of follow-up evaluations were lymph node metastasis and radiation complication. Follow-up evaluations were performed every 3 months for the first year, every 6 months for the second year, and yearly thereafter. Follow-up was performed until patient death, or until October 2015, which was the cut-off date for this study.

Statistical Analysis

The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences of continuous variable (age), and the chi-square test was used to explore the difference of categorical variables (including sex, differentiation, tumor location, tumor stage, dose radiotherapy, lymph node metastasis, and radiation complication). The Kaplan–Meier method with Log-rank test was used to estimate survival curves. Univariable Cox regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with overall survival time. Variables with a P <0.05 on univariable analysis were further assessed with a multivariable Cox regression model. SPSS 21 software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) was used for the statistical analysis. The level of significance was established as a two-sided P value 0.05.

Results

Patient characteristics

One hundred and fifty males and 89 females, whose ages ranged from 60 to 88 years (mean age of 67.9±5.9 years at diagnosis), were included in our study. According to the TNM categories, 22 patients (7%) were classified as stage I, 138(43.9%) were classified as stage II, 54(17.2%) were classified as stage III, and 25(8%) were classified as stage IV. 71(29.7%) patients received radiation doses of ≤50Gy and 168(70.3%) received radiation doses of >50Gy. 82(34.3%) patients had metastatic lymph nodes, and 129(53.9%) patients had complication of radiotherapy.

By October, 2015, 226 participants had been followed up.13 patients were lost to follow-up, the follow-up rate was 94.6%. The mean and median survival times were 40.4 months and 33 months, respectively. The cumulative survival probabilities at 1, 3, and 5 years of the 239 participants were 72.6%, 48.9%, and 22.7%, respectively.

As shown in Table 1. 184 patients (76.9%) took no nutritional risk, 32 patients (13.4%) took moderate risk of malnutrition, and 23 patients (9.7%) took a high risk of malnutrition. There were no statistically significant differences in the rate of sex, differentiation, tumor location, tumor stage, dose radiotherapy, lymph node metastasis, diabetes, white blood cell count(WBC), neutrophils, and lymphocyte among different GNRI categories(P>0.05). However, the age, weight loss, radiation complication, and serum albumin differentiate among different GNRI categories (P<0.05).

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Table 1. Characteristics of the participants according to geriatric nutritional risk index categories.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155903.t001

This ordered logistic regression analysis identified only independent predictor for nutritional index categories-weight loss (Table 2).

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Table 2. Results of Ordered Logistic Regression Analysis for Nutritional Risk Index Categories by Forward Selection.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155903.t002

Univariate analysis for the survival of elderly ESCC patients

Univariate analysis was performed to identify the factors predicting the survival of elderly ESCC patients who undergone radiotherapy. Survival curves were significantly stratified by GNRI categories (Fig 1). The median survival of the non-nutritional risk group was twice longer than that of the patients with high-nutritional risk (38 months vs. 20 months). Compared with the patients taking no nutritional risk, the risk of death increased by 66.7% (HR = 1.667, 95%CI: 1.011–2.750) for the patients with moderate risk and 135% (HR = 2.350, 95%: 1.331–4.150) for the patients with high risk, respectively. Compared with those patients who had no lymph node metastasis, the patients with lymph node metastasis had higher risk of death (HR = 2.086, 95%CI: 1.464–2.972). Patients with radiation complications had significantly poorer outcomes compared with those patients having no radiation complications (HR = 1.737, 95%CI: 1.213–2.487). We also analyzed whether the poor survival of elderly ESCC patients was caused by other underlying factors, including age, sex, differentiation, tumor location, tumor stage, and the dose of radiotherapy. No significant differences between these subgroups were found (Table 3).

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Fig 1. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showing patient overall survival stratified by GNRI categories (high risk, <92; moderate risk, 92 to 98; no risk, >98.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155903.g001

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Table 3. Univariate analysis of factors associated with overall survival.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155903.t003

The multivariable analysis with Cox regression

In order to exclude the impact of some confounders on overall survival time, variables with a P<0.05 on univariable analysis were further assessed with a multivariable Cox regression model. We found that GNRI, lymph node metastasis, and radiation complications were independent predictors of overall survival time. Compared with the non-nutritional risk group, the risk of death increased by 68.8% (HR = 1.688, 95%CI: 1.019–2.798) for moderate risk group and 169.9% (HR = 2.699, 95%CI: 1.512–4.819) for high risk group, respectively. (Table 4)

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Table 4. Multivariable Cox Regression (Outcome Death).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155903.t004

Discussion

It is reported that clinical malnutrition can make it more difficult to recovery from disease, trauma and surgery. Malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in both chronic and acute conditions. As a result, the duration of hospital treatment is significantly longer in malnourished patients. Hence, the costs is higher.[4] Elderly patients frequently have compromised nutritional status and are also vulnerable to cancer-related deaths.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the impact of GNRI on the survival of elderly ESCC patients treated with radiotherapy. We found that patients with malnutrition before radiotherapy take significantly higher risk of mortality. These results suggest that the early nutrition evaluation using GNRI is not only helpful to predict mortality in patients with ESCC, but also an important basis for individualized nutrition and health care, which may be beneficial to these patients.

Due to the diversity of influencing factors of nutritional status in patients with cancer, it is difficult to study the nutritional status of cancer patients.[25] Therefore, whether malnutrition is a potential predictor of surviving less is unclear. In the present study, we performed multivariate analyses adjusting for potential covariates and found that malnutrition is an independent risk factor for death. Compared with the non-nutritional risk group, the risk of death had increased by 68.8% for moderate risk group and 169.9% for high risk group, respectively.

The main advantages of the GNRI are the lower bias associated with past unintentional weight loss investigations and less requirements of participation from participants.[21] Previous studies have demonstrated its prognostic role in rehabilitative, sub-acute, and long-term care settings.[6, 21] However, there is no study to explore the association between GNRI and ESCC survival. To date, there was only a small study that showed an association between GNRI and the short-term postoperative respiratory complications in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing esophagectomy and gastric tube reconstruction.[26] In the present study, the outcomes were overall survival time, which represents a long-term prognosis of ESCC.

Cereda E et al. found that GNRI is a good predictor of length of staying and in-hospital weight loss in elderly patients.[11] Matsumura et al. suggested that GNRI had a more close relation with exercise tolerance and might be a useful nutritional assessment scale for elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[12] Besides, GNRI is a higher prognostic value for predicting nutritional-related complications in hospitalized elderly patients.[7] In a prospective cohort study of 332 patients, GNRI is a strong predictor of overall mortality in hemodialysis patients.[27] At the present, we found that GNRI is an independent predictor of overall survival time in elderly ESCC patients, which adds new evidence for the relationship between GNRI and outcomes of elderly patients.

This study had several limitations. Firstly, this study only included elderly ESCC patients who undergone radiotherapy, and the results may not represent a general population of older ESCC patients undergoing other therapy methods(such as esophagectomy and chemotherapy). Secondly, it was a single-center study with a relatively small sample size (only 239 cases were included). Larger sample clinical analysis is required for further study. Finally, albumin can be affected by non-nutritional factors such as inflammatory state, further studies adjusting factors accounting for inflammatory background (such as C-reactive protein) might probably improve our findings.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the present study suggests that the GNRI is a simple and effective tool to predict the overall survival time in elderly ESCC patients treated with radiotherapy. Compared with the non-nutritional risk group, the risk of death had increased by 68.8% for moderate risk group and 169.9% for high risk group, respectively.

Supporting Information

S1 File. Excel-Files containing the underlying data.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155903.s001

(XLSX)

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YCB KLW YL JY HC YWZ QJL LY. Performed the experiments: YCB KLW YL JY HC YWZ. Analyzed the data: YCB QJL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JY HC YWZ. Wrote the paper: YCB LY.

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