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Abstract
Background and Aims
The degree of coronary artery stenosis should be assessed both anatomically and functionally. We observed that the intensity of blood speckle (IBS) on intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is low proximal to a coronary artery stenosis, and high distal to the stenosis. We defined step-up IBS as the distal minus the proximal IBS, and speculated that this new parameter could be used for the functional evaluation of stenosis on IVUS. The aims of this study were to assess the relationships between step-up IBS and factors that affect coronary blood flow, and between step-up IBS and fractional flow reserve (FFR).
Methods and Results
This study enrolled 36 consecutive patients with angina who had a single moderate stenosis in the left anterior descending artery. All patients were evaluated by integrated backscatter IVUS and intracoronary pressure measurements. FFR was calculated from measurements using a coronary pressure wire during hyperemia. Conventional gray-scale IVUS images were recorded, and integrated backscatter was measured in three cross-sectional slices proximal and distal to the stenosis. Step-up IBS was calculated as (mean distal integrated backscatter value) − (mean proximal integrated backscatter value). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that the heart rate (r = 0.45, P = 0.005), ejection fraction (r = −0.39, P = 0.01), and hemoglobin level (r = −0.32, P = 0.04) were independently correlated with step-up IBS, whereas proximal and distal IBS were not associated with these factors. There was a strong inverse correlation between step-up IBS and FFR (r = −0.84, P < 0.001), which remained significant on stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.
Citation: Tanno J, Nakano S, Kasai T, Ako J, Nakamura S, Senbonmatsu T, et al. (2015) Increase in Ultrasonic Intensity of Blood Speckle across Moderate Coronary Artery Stenosis Is an Independent Predictor of Functional Coronary Artery Stenosis Measured by Fractional Flow Reserve: Pilot Study. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0116727. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116727
Academic Editor: Elena Cavarretta, Sapienza University of Rome, ITALY
Received: August 14, 2014; Accepted: December 14, 2014; Published: January 21, 2015
This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The significance of coronary artery stenosis can be assessed both anatomically and functionally [1,2]. Anatomical stenosis can be assessed by coronary artery angiography [3], computed tomography [4], and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) [2], and functional stenosis can be assessed by perfusion scintigraphy [5] and fractional flow reserve (FFR) [6]. Current guidelines recommend routine functional assessment of angiographically determined intermediate coronary lesions by measurement of the FFR before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures [7,8]. In a stenotic coronary artery, FFR is defined as the ratio of the maximum achievable flow rate to the theoretical maximum flow rate. FFR-guided PCI results in better long-term outcomes than angiography-guided PCI [9].
IVUS can be used for further anatomical assessment of angiographically determined intermediate coronary stenoses [10]. We observed that the intensity of blood speckle (IBS) on IVUS is low proximal to a coronary artery stenosis, and high distal to the stenosis. This led us to consider that step-up IBS, defined as the distal minus the proximal IBS, may be related to the change in blood flow across the stenosis, which is affected by the degree of stenosis. We speculated that this new parameter may be useful for the functional evaluation of stenosis. Calculation of the step-up IBS value may therefore enable both anatomical and functional evaluation of stenosis during a single IVUS scan. However, the clinical significance of step-up IBS values is currently unclear.
We hypothesized that the step-up IBS value across a moderate coronary artery stenosis could be used to detect a functionally significant stenosis. The first part of this study assessed the relationships between step-up IBS and factors that affect coronary blood flow, and the second part assessed the relationship between step-up IBS and FFR.
Methods
Ethics statement
All clinical investigation was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, and written informed consent for examination including CAG, IVUS, and FFR was obtained from all patients.
Study Population
This study included 36 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with discrete moderate stenotic lesions (30–70% diameter stenosis on visual estimation) of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery on coronary angiography between June 2009 and June 2011. Six patients were excluded because of tandem lesions or missing IVUS data, and data from the remaining 30 patients were analyzed. All included patients underwent integrated backscatter IVUS (IB-IVUS) and intracoronary pressure measurements at the time of diagnostic catheterization. This study was the post-hoc analysis of the pooled IVUS data, which was primarily made to investigate the objectives of this study.
Angiographic Analysis
Quantitative coronary angiography analyses were performed by an experienced independent observer blinded to the FFR, IB-IVUS, and clinical data, using the Cardiovascular Angiography Analysis System II (Pie Medical Imaging BV, Maastricht, The Netherlands). The computer-defined minimum lumen diameter, reference vessel diameter (via the interpolation method), and percent diameter stenosis were recorded [3].
FFR Measurement
FFR was measured using a coronary pressure guidewire (Radi; St. Jude Medical, Inc., Uppsala, Sweden) during maximal hyperemia, induced by intravenous administration of adenosine triphosphate disodium hydrate at 150 μg/kg/min via a peripheral vein [14,15]. Equalization was achieved with the guidewire sensor positioned at the guiding catheter tip. FFR was calculated as the mean distal coronary artery pressure (measured by the pressure guidewire) divided by the mean aortic pressure (simultaneously measured by the guiding catheter) during maximal hyperemia. An FFR value of ≤0.80 was considered pathologically significant [7].
Conventional IVUS and IB-IVUS Analyses
All IVUS analyses were performed by an experienced analyst who was blinded to the angiographic findings, the FFR, clinical data, and lesion characteristics. The cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the external elastic membrane and lumen were measured, and the CSA of the plaque was calculated as (CSA of external elastic membrane) − (CSA of lumen). The average CSAs of the external elastic membrane, lumen, and plaque of each target lesion were calculated according to the criteria of the clinical expert consensus document on IVUS [16]. Manual tracing was performed for each 0.5-mm cross-section, and two manually traced images were automatically interpolated using the IVUS imaging system (VISIWAVE; Terumo Corp., Tokyo, Japan).
IB-IVUS data were recorded on the imaging system hard drive. A personal computer equipped with custom software (VISIATRAS; Terumo Corp.) was connected to the IVUS imaging system to obtain a radiofrequency signal output, signal trigger output, and video image output. The proximal IBS value was measured in a segment (proximal segment) 5 mm proximal to the site with the largest lumen proximal to a stenosis but within the target lesion. The distal IBS value was measured in a segment (distal segment) 5 mm distal to the site of the smallest lumen size within the target lesion. (Fig. 1) [11]. IBS values were obtained in the end-diastolic frame during basal conditions (without hyperemia). Integrated backscatter values were measured in three cross-sectional slices per segment, and the mean value for each segment was used as the IBS value for the analyses. Step-up IBS was defined as (mean distal integrated backscatter value) − (mean proximal integrated backscatter value) (Fig. 1).
(Schema of Step-up IBS) Schema of the concepts and methods for measuring step-up IBS. (A) Coronary angiography, showing a discrete moderate stenotic lesion of the LAD with an FFR value of 0.69. (B) Longitudinal IVUS image of the lesion. The proximal IBS value was measured in a segment (proximal segment) 5 mm proximal to the site with the largest lumen proximal to a stenosis but within the target lesion. The distal IBS value was measured in a segment (distal segment) 5 mm distal to the site of the smallest lumen size within the target lesion (C and D) Manually encircled cross-sectional vessel lumens and integrated backscatter values measured in the proximal segment (C) and distal segment (D) using the IB-IVUS imaging system in the end-diastolic frame. The acoustic shadows of the guidewire were manually traced and excluded to minimize acoustic artifacts. The proximal and distal integrated backscatter values were 104.73 and 121.03, respectively. Integrated backscatter values were measured in three cross-sectional slices proximal and distal to the target lesion. The mean integrated backscatter values at the proximal and distal sites were 104.89 and 120.92, respectively, and the step-up IBS value was 16.03. LAD, left anterior descending artery; FFR, fractional flow reserve; IVUS, intravascular ultrasound; IBS, intensity of blood speckle; IB-IVUS, integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound.
Statistical Analyses
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software (version 18.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables are expressed as frequency and percentage. The relationships between variables were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the relationships between FFR or step-up IBS and independent variables were analyzed using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Variables with a probability (P) value of <0.05 were included and variables with a P value of >0.10 were excluded. The multiple linear regression analysis for factors related to step-up IBS included age, sex, body mass index, ejection fraction (EF), hemoglobin level, creatinine level, mean blood pressure during the investigation, heart rate during the investigation, percent diameter stenosis, lesion length, minimum lesion area, maximum lesion area, minimum vessel area, maximum vessel area, lumen volume, vessel volume, plaque volume, percent plaque volume, and proximal and distal IBS. The multiple linear regression analysis for factors related to FFR included the same variables as well as step-up IBS. Collinearity was verified for each pair of variables. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses.
Reproducibility was assessed by the intraobserver correlation coefficient and the coefficient of variation for two calculations of the step-up IBS value.
Results
Patient Characteristics and Percent Diameter Stenosis
Thirty discrete LAD artery lesions were evaluated in 30 patients (25 males and 5 females). The patient characteristics and percent diameter stenosis as determined by quantitative coronary angiography are shown in Table 1. Most patients were elderly, nonobese men with preserved left ventricular systolic function. Six (20%) patients had a history of myocardial infarction, but none had a history of myocardial infarction during the 6 weeks prior to the assessment. The mean percent diameter stenosis was 46.8 ± 8.3% (range, 31.8–68.0%).
Measurement of FFR and IVUS Parameters
Coronary pressure was successfully measured in all 30 patients without serious complications. The mean FFR value was 0.77 ± 0.09 (range, 0.62–0.93). Twenty lesions were associated with an FFR value of ≤0.80. The IVUS parameters are shown in Table 2. The mean lesion length was 31.2 ± 12.3 mm, and the mean minimum lumen area was 2.8 ± 0.9 mm2. The proximal, distal, and step-up IBS values are also shown in Table 2. For step-up IBS values, the intraobserver correlation coefficient was 0.99 and the coefficient of variation was 4.9.
Factors Correlating with the Proximal, Distal, and Step-Up IBS Values
Univariate analyses did not show any significant correlations between proximal and distal IBS and patient characteristics or individual IVUS parameters (Table 3). However, there were significant correlations between step-up IBS and age, EF, heart rate, and IVUS parameters (maximum lumen area and maximum vessel area) (Table 3). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that increased heart rate, decreased EF, and decreased hemoglobin level were significantly and independently correlated with step-up IBS (Table 4).
Correlations between FFR and Step-Up IBS
As shown in Table 5, there were no significant correlations between FFR and patient characteristics, except for an inverse correlation with percent diameter stenosis (r = −0.37, R2 = 0.14, P = 0.040). There were also no significant correlations between FFR and the proximal and distal IBS. Univariate analyses did not show significant correlations between FFR and individual IVUS parameters. However, there was a significant inverse correlation between FFR and step-up IBS (r = −0.84, R2 = 0.71, P < 0.001) (Fig. 2). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis including FFR as a dependent variable showed that only step-up IBS (R2 = 0.71, P < 0.001) was significantly and independently correlated with FFR.
There was an inverse correlation between FFR and step-up IBS (r = −0.84; R2 = 0.71; P < 0.001). FFR, fractional flow reserve; IBS, intensity of blood speckle.
Discussion
The major findings of the present study are as follows: (1) stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that step-up IBS was associated with factors that can affect coronary blood flow, such as heart rate, EF, and hemoglobin level, whereas proximal and distal IBS were not associated with these factors; and (2) there was a significant relationship between step-up IBS and FFR, and the only factor significantly correlated with FFR on stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was step-up IBS. These findings suggest that step-up IBS (but not proximal or distal IBS) may be an indicator of coronary blood flow, and that step-up IBS may be useful for the functional assessment of coronary artery stenosis, similar to FFR.
Factors Correlated with Proximal, Distal, and Step-Up IBS
Proximal and distal IBS values are not considered to reflect coronary blood flow because coronary blood flow is not an absolute value, but is determined by the difference between the entrance pressure and the pressure in the coronary vascular bed [17]. We hypothesized that the IVUS catheter affects both the proximal and distal IBS, and that this influence may be minimized by calculating the difference between the proximal and distal IBS. In this study, there were no significant correlations between factors that influence coronary blood flow and the proximal and distal IBS values.
The step-up IBS value can be explained by alterations in blood properties that are mainly associated with red blood cell (RBC) stagnation [11]. van der Heiden et al. [12] clearly demonstrated that ultrasound backscatter in human blood is caused by RBCs, and that integrated backscatter power increases with decreasing shear rates and increasing aggregation (rouleaux) size. These findings suggest that the greater the blood viscosity, the greater the integrated backscatter power, considering that blood viscosity is inversely related to shear rate [18].
In this study, step-up IBS was associated with factors that affect coronary blood flow, such as heart rate, EF, and hemoglobin level, independent of the degree of coronary artery stenosis. When the heart rate increases, the coronary blood flow decreases because of the higher proportion of time spent in systole [19]. Increased heart rate may therefore be directly associated with increased step-up IBS values. Increased left ventricular diastolic filling pressure decreases coronary blood flow because it compresses the intramural coronary vasculature, thereby reducing the perfusion pressure of the coronary bed [20]. Patients with decreased left ventricular EF are likely to have increased left ventricular filling pressure, resulting in reduced coronary blood flow and increased step-up IBS. In patients with anemia, compensatory reactions such as increased heart rate and increased contraction protect against the decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood to the myocardium. These reactions increase extravascular compressive forces, resulting in functional limitation of coronary blood flow [17].
Correlation between Step-Up IBS and FFR
As described above, step-up IBS is determined by the decrease in coronary blood flow across a stenotic lesion during basal conditions (i.e., without hyperemia). Basically, myocardial ischemia is caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen consumption and supply [21,22]. When there is insufficient oxygen supply to the myocardium during basal conditions due to moderate epicardial coronary stenosis, the autoregulation system preserves the blood flow to the myocardium relative to the entrance flow [17]. However, flow decreases between the inlet region (proximal to the stenosis) and the outlet region (distal to the stenosis) [13]. The coronary blood velocity (i.e., shear rate) will therefore be lower in the outlet region than in the inlet region during basal conditions, and there will be a relative increase in blood viscosity at the outlet of the stenosis because of enhanced interactions among RBCs (RBC stagnation), and because blood behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid when coronary flow decreases [13]. The increase in integrated backscatter power (step-up IBS) across a stenotic lesion is therefore related to the characteristics of blood flow, especially RBC stagnation because of decreased blood flow (Fig. 1).
FFR is the ratio of the coronary pressure distal to a moderate epicardial coronary stenosis to the entrance pressure (i.e., aortic pressure) during hyperemia. There is a liner relationship between coronary perfusion pressure and myocardial blood flow (i.e., oxygen supply) during hyperemia [23]. The greater the reduction in perfusion pressure (i.e., the smaller the FFR), the slower the myocardial blood flow. Both step-up IBS and FFR can therefore reflect the poststenotic decrease in blood flow in a coronary artery with moderate stenosis, thereby indicating the degree of insufficiency of oxygen supply to the myocardium, even though they are determined under different conditions (basal and hyperemic, respectively). In this study, step-up IBS was significantly correlated with FFR, and this relationship remained significant on stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.
Clinical Implications
Coronary artery evaluation using IVUS helps to determine lesion morphology, and to select appropriate devices, balloon sizes, and stent geometry. The results of the present study suggest that measurement of step-up IBS in conjunction with standard anatomical assessment of the coronary artery by IVUS has the potential to assess both the morphological and physiological severity of coronary stenotic lesions using a single device, without the need to introduce a coronary pressure guidewire, and may substantially reduce the overall treatment cost and shorten the intervention time.
Limitations
This study has some limitations. First, the number of patients was limited because only those presenting with moderate (30–70%) LAD artery stenosis were included. However, the number of included patients was sufficient to show the clear relationship between step-up IBS and FFR. Second, only patients with moderate stenosis were included because recent guidelines recommend the use of FFR to assess intermediate coronary lesions determined by angiography [10,24]. Third, to decrease selection bias, only patients with IVUS data and LAD artery lesions were included. Patients with stenotic lesions caused by bending or small vessel size were therefore automatically excluded. Fourth, none of the patients in this study had a major bifurcation of the coronary artery near the IBS measurement site, and the effects of such a bifurcation are therefore unclear. This was a proof-of-concept study aimed at assessing the potential clinical utility of step-up IBS values, and larger clinical studies are required to assess step-up IBS values in other coronary arteries and in the presence of bifurcation of the coronary artery. Fifth, all patients in the study were taking dual antiplatelet agents (aspirin plus clopidogrel) at the time of measurement of step-up IBS, and the effects of such platelet inhibitors are therefore unclear in this study. However, in clinical settings, patients with angina who will undergo IVUS usually have been taking antiplatelet agents. Finally, step-up IBS was measured during basal conditions and not hyperemic conditions. Further studies comparing instantaneous wave-free ratio and step-up IBS are required. Moreover, prospective studies are required to validate the selected step-up IBS cut-off value and assess the relationship between the cut-off value and long-term clinical outcomes.
Conclusions
This study identified a significant relationship between step-up IBS and FFR. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that step-up IBS had a significant, independent, inverse correlation with FFR. Our findings suggest that step-up IBS, a novel parameter based on IVUS findings without induced hyperemia, may be useful for assessment of the physiological severity of lesions
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JT S. Nakamura S. Nishimura. Performed the experiments: JT S. Nakamura S. Nishimura. Analyzed the data: JT S. Nakano JA TK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JT S. Nakamura S. Nishimura. Wrote the paper: JT S. Nakano JA TK TS. Drafting and revising the manuscript: JT S. Nakano TK JA S. Nishimura TS.
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