Figures
Abstract
Introduction
Methods used for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation testing vary widely. The impact of detection methods on the rates of response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in EGFR-wild type (wt) lung adenocarcinoma patients is unknown.
Methods
We recruited the Group-I patients to evaluate the efficacy of erlotinib in patients with EGFR-wt lung adenocarcinoma by either direct sequencing (DS) or mutant type-specific sensitive (MtS) methods in six medical centers in Taiwan. Cross recheck of EGFR mutations was performed in patients who achieved objective response to erlotinib and had adequate specimens. The independent Group-II lung adenocarcinoma patients whose EGFR mutation status determined by DS were recruited to evaluate the potential limitations of three MtS methods.
Results
In Group-I analysis, 38 of 261 EGFR-wt patients (14.6%) achieved partial response to erlotinib treatment. Nineteen patients (50.0%) had adequate specimens for cross recheck of EGFR mutations and 10 of them (52.6%) had changes in EGFR mutation status, 5 in 10 by DS and 5 in 9 by MtS methods originally. In Group-II analysis, 598 of 996 lung adenocarcinoma patients (60.0%) had detectable EGFR mutations. The accuracy rates of the three MtS methods, MALDI-TOF MS, Scorpions ARMS and Cobas, were 87.8%, 86.8% and 85.8%, respectively.
Conclusions
A significant portion of the erlotinib responses in EGFR-wt lung adenocarcinoma patients were related to the limitations of detection methods, not only DS but also MtS methods with similar percentages. Prospective studies are needed to define the proper strategy for EGFR mutation testing.
Citation: Tseng J-S, Wang C-L, Huang M-S, Chen C-Y, Chang C-Y, Yang T-Y, et al. (2014) Impact of EGFR Mutation Detection Methods on the Efficacy of Erlotinib in Patients with Advanced EGFR-Wild Type Lung Adenocarcinoma. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107160. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107160
Editor: Jung Weon Lee, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
Received: June 25, 2014; Accepted: August 6, 2014; Published: September 12, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Tseng et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
In recent years, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy has emerged as a novel and effective strategy in lung cancer management with major benefits in patients with EGFR activating mutations. Not only in front line but also in subsequent therapy, EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in comparison with chemotherapy have demonstrated significantly higher response rate and longer progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [1]. Moreover, EGFR-TKIs therapy is associated with a better quality of life [2]–[4]. Therefore, many studies suggested EGFR-TKI as the first line therapy for EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients [5], [6].
Despite the close association between EGFR mutations and EGFR-TKIs responsiveness, NSCLC patients, who had no detectable EGFR mutations, have been reported to benefit from the EGFR-TKIs [7]–[9] and erlotinib remains an important second-line treatment option in the clinical practice guidelines for NSCLC, irrespective of biological characteristics [10]–[12]. A pooled analysis, which included three Phase III randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of erlotinib with other therapies in EGFR-wild type (EGFR-wt) NSCLC patients, also suggested a significant benefit of erlotinib treatment [13]. However, various EGFR mutation detection methods were used in studies regarding the efficacy of erlotinib in EGFR-wt NSCLC and their false negative rates have been suspected to be a possible reason for the responses to EGFR-TKIs in patients without detectable EGFR mutations [14], [15].
Direct sequencing (DS) can detect all existing mutations but is limited by its lower sensitivity [16]. Mutant type-specific sensitive (MtS) methods, such as the protein nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (PNA-LNA PCR) clamp or Scorpions amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) can detect specific and known mutations but not rare mutations [17]. The results of studies that investigated the association between discrepant EGFR mutation results by different methods and the outcomes of EGFR-TKIs treatment were inconsistent [18], [19]. The impact of detection methods on the rates of response to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-wt lung adenocarcinoma patients is unknown. We conducted this study to evaluate the impact of detection methods on the efficacy of erlotinib in patients with advanced EGFR-wt lung adenocarcinoma.
Materials and Methods
Patients
We recruited two independent groups of patients for participation in this study. From August 2005 to March 2013, we evaluated the efficacy of erlotinib in lung adenocarcinoma patients (Group –I) with EGFR-wt status assessed by regular methods (either DS or MtS methods) used in six participating medical centers in Taiwan (Taichung Veterans General Hospital, (TCVGH) Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH), Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch and Far Eastern Memorial Hospital). Inclusion criteria for Group-I patients were advanced lung adenocarcinoma without detectable EGFR mutations (exon 18, 19, 20 and 21) at initial molecular analysis, a history of erlotinib treatment for more than 7 days and clinically measurable disease. Patients were excluded if they had other active malignancy, incomplete data records or received other treatments concurrently. All patients received erlotinib at a daily dose of 150 mg initially. TNM (tumor, node, and metastases) staging was done according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee for Cancer (AJCC) staging system [20].
From January 2000 to June 2013 we evaluated consecutive lung adenocarcinoma patients of any stage who were treated in TCVGH and CGMH (Group-II). We assessed their EGFR mutation status by DS and calculated the number of EGFR mutations that would not be detected by three MtS methods. This study was approved by the institutional review boards of the participating institutions, including Institutional Review Board of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Institutional Review Board of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Chang Gung Medical Foundation Institutional Review Board, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital Institutional Review Board, National Taiwan University Hospital Research Ethics Committee and Far Eastern Memorial Hospital Research Ethics Review Committee. Written informed consent for genetic testing and clinical data records was obtained from all patients.
Data records and response evaluation
Clinical data for analysis included age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), tumor stage, prior chemotherapies, smoking status, EGFR detection methods and erlotinib treatment history. The adverse events associated with erlotinib treatment including interstitial lung disease and grade 3–4 hepatotoxicity were recorded. Chest computed tomographies, including the liver and adrenal glands, and other required imaging studies for response evaluation were reviewed by two chest physicians. Unidimensional measurements as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 were used in this study [21]. The objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), PFS and overall survival (OS) of erlotinib treatment were assessed.
EGFR mutation tests
For the Group-I patients, several molecular tests, including DS, PNA-LNA PCR clamp, Scorpions ARMS (EGFR RGQ PCR Kit) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) were used for EGFR mutation analysis [9], [22]–[24], which depended on the laboratory facilities of participating institutions. As for DS, PNA-LNA PCR clamp and MALDI-TOF MS methods, DNA was extracted from the tumors for EGFR mutation analysis as previously described [9], [24] and the detection spectrum of PNA-LNA PCR clamp and MALDI-TOF MS is summarized in Table S1. As for Scorpions ARMS, commercialized kit was used and samples were processed according to the manufacturer's protocol [25]. We defined PNA-LNA PCR clamp, Scorpions ARMS and MALDI-TOF MS as the MtS methods to be compared with DS for evaluation of the influence of detection methods on the efficacy of erlotinib treatment. For the Group-II patients, we assessed their EGFR mutation status by DS and calculated the number of EGFR mutations that would not be detected by MALDI-TOF MS and two other commercialized methods, Scorpions ARMS [25] and Cobas EGFR Mutation Test [26].
Statistical methods
Univariate analysis of ORR and DCR were performed using Fisher's exact test to evaluate the effects of clinical factors relating to patients' characteristics and EGFR detection methods. Multivariate analyses of ORR and DCR were performed using logistic regression model. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate PFS and OS. Differences in survival time in regard to EGFR detection methods were analyzed using the log-rank test. Multivariate analyses of PFS and OS were performed using Cox proportional hazard model. All statistical tests were done with SPSS 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Two-tailed tests and p values <0.05 for significance were used.
Results
Efficacy and adverse effects of erlotinib in lung adenocarcinoma patients without detectable EGFR mutations at initial molecular testing
A total of 261 patients were included in Group-I and the baseline characteristics are shown in Table S2. The median age was 62 years, 162 patients (62.1%) were male, 138 patients (52.9%) were non-smokers and 174 patients (66.7%) had ECOS PS 0–1. Initial EGFR mutation status was assessed by DS in 191 patients (73.2%) and by MtS methods in 70 patients (26.8%).
Thirty-eight patients achieved partial response (PR) and 52 had stable disease. No patient achieved complete response. The ORR and DCR were 14.6% and 34.5%, respectively. The responses and survival analysis are summarized in Table 1. The median PFS and OS were 1.9 (95% CI 1.7–2.1) and 8.3 (95% CI 5.9–10.7) months respectively. The 1-year survival rate was 25.7%. PFS and OS were significantly longer in patients with disease control than in those with progressive disease (both P<0.001).
Results of univariate analysis of ORR are shown in Table 2. There was no significant association between the erlotinib treatment responses and patients' age, gender, smoking status and ECOG PS. Furthermore, the ORR of patients whose EGFR mutation status was assessed by DS and by MtS methods were comparable (14.1 vs. 15.7%, P = 0.843). No covariate reached the significance level to enter the multivariate logistic regression model.
Kaplan–Meier curve of PFS in regard to detection methods is shown in Figure 1. There was no significant difference in PFS between patients with EGFR-wt tumors assessed by DS and by MtS methods (2.0 vs. 1.9 months, P = 0.855) and similar survival periods were noted in OS analysis (8.3 vs. 10.9 months, P = 0.782). Patients' characteristics other than detection methods did not correlate significantly with PFS and OS (data not shown) and no covariates reached the significance level to enter the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model.
As for adverse events, interstitial lung disease occurred in 2 patients (0.8%) and 8 patients (3.1%) had grade 3–4 hepatotoxicity. None of these adverse events led to death.
Cross recheck of EGFR mutation status in EGFR-wt patients with objective responses to erlotinib treatment
Thirty-eight of 261 patients (14.6%) in Group-I achieved objective responses to erlotinib treatment. Nineteen of them (50.0%) had adequate specimens for EGFR mutation status cross recheck. Initial molecular testing was performed by DS in 10 patients (52.6%) and by MtS methods in 9 patients (47.4%). Patients with EGFR-wt mutation status assessed by DS were rechecked by MtS methods and vice versa. In this study, the MtS method used for the recheck was MALDI-TOF MS.
Results of EGFR mutation status recheck are summarized in Table 3. Of 10 patients with EGFR-wt mutation status assessed by DS, 5 patients (50.0%) were found to have EGFR mutations by MALDI-TOF MS, including 2 with Del E746_A750, 1 with L858R and 2 with complex mutations, Del E746_A750/T790M and L858R/T790M. Of 9 patients with EGFR-wt mutation status assessed by MtS methods, 5 patients (55.6%) were found to have EGFR mutations by DS, including 4 with exon 19 deletions (Del L745_A750>R, Del K746_T751>VP, Del L747-A750>P and Del L747_T751>N) and 1 with I706T, a point mutation at exon 18. Of theses mutations, only Del L747_A750>P can be detected by available MtS methods. EGFR mutation status of patient S4 was assessed as wild type by PNA-LNA PCR clamp in September 2011. Our laboratory facility was not able to detect Del L747_A750>P until September 2013 when we added new mutation detection probes. In total, 10 of 19 patients (52.6%) had changes in EGFR mutation status.
Using independent direct sequencing cohort to evaluate the limitations of three mutant type-specific sensitive methods
Results of the analysis of Group-I patients showed that both DS and MtS methods were unable to detect a significant portion of EGFR-mutations. As DS is well known by its low detection sensitivity, which may miss up to 20–25% EGFR mutations in comparison with varied MtS methods [16], [18], [19], we focused on how many EGFR mutations would not be detected by MtS methods. Therefore, we recruited the independent Group-II patients, whose EGFR mutation status was assessed by DS method, to evaluate the potential limitations of MtS methods.
In total, 996 consecutive lung adenocarcinoma patients were included in Group-II and the baseline characteristics are shown in Table S3. We used the database to evaluate the detectability of three MtS methods, including MALDI-TOF MS, which has been established at National Taiwan University Center of Genomic Medicine as one of our standard EGFR detection methods and two commercialized methods, Scorpions ARMS and Cobas EGFR Mutation Test.
Figure 2 shows that 598 of the 996 patients (60.0%) had detectable EGFR mutations. The exon 19 deletions (41.6%) and L858R (42.0%) were the major mutation types. Complex mutations of any combinations were categorized into the group “others”. In the detectability analysis, we defined fully and partly detectable as full spectrum of mutation(s) or only part of complex mutations could be detected respectively. Detection rate is the percentage of fully plus partly detectable mutations and the accuracy rate is the percentage of fully detectable mutations. As shown in Figure 2, MALDI-TOF MS, Scorpions ARMS and Cobas could not detect or only partly detected the mutation types in 73, 79 and 85 patients respectively. The detection rates of MALDI-TOF MS, Scorpions ARMS and Cobas were 92.8%, 92.8% and 91.8% and the accuracy rates of the three methods were be 87.8%, 86.8% and 85.8% respectively as disclosed in Table 4. Table S4 shows the full EGFR mutation spectrum of Group-II patients. It also indicated the detectability of three MtS methods and the mutations associated with disease control in response to EGFR-TKIs therapy according to treatment history at our facilities and the DNA-Mutation Inventory to Refine and Enhance Cancer Treatment (DIRECT) database [27].
Discussion
A subset of patients who do not harbor EGFR mutations could benefit from EGFR-TKIs treatment and a pooled analysis by Lindeman et al. showed an 11% ORR of EGFR-TKIs in patients with EGFR-wt NSCLC assessed by various detection methods [28]. Similar to this result, our study showed that ORR of erlotinib in Group-I patients was 14.6%. By the cross recheck of EGFR mutation status, we found that more than half of the erlotinib responders actually harbored EGFR mutations and both DS and MtS methods were unable to detect a significant portion of EGFR-mutations.
In 2011, Naoki et al. compared the detection sensitivity of DS and PCR-invader method and reported that EGFR mutations were detected in 52% of the samples with PCR-invader method but only 35% of the samples by DS [16]. Similar results have been reported when DS was compared with other MtS methods [14], [29]. In the present study, 5 of 10 erlotinib responders (50.0%), who had EGFR-wt tumors by DS, were found to harbor EGFR mutations by MALDI-TOF MS. These results provided evidence that the relative low sensitivity of DS could account for some of the responses to erlotinib in patients without detectable EGFR mutations.
In the present study, we divided patients into DS and MtS groups depending on which methods used at initial molecular testing. As the relative low sensitivity of DS has been suspected to be a possible reason for the responses to EGFR-TKIs in patients without detectable EGFR mutations [14], [15], a better outcome would be expected in the group detected by DS because it could miss more EGFR-mutant patients. However, in the present study, we found that neither responsiveness nor survival time correlated significantly with detection methods. These results suggested that there might be also limitations in MtS methods that could potentially lead to failure to detect EGFR mutations in some patients.
MtS methods have higher detection sensitivity but might not be able to detect rare and unknown mutations. In contrast to DS, only a few studies have focused on the impact of the limitations of MtS methods [17], [30]. Though the exon 19 deletions and L858R account for the majority of EGFR mutations, patients harboring other uncommon mutations could also benefit from EGFR-TKIs therapy [31]. Yang et al. has suggested that the absence of an EGFR mutation, as determined by methods that only detect known mutations, should not be used as an exclusion criterion for the EGFR-TKIs therapy [17]. In the present study, 5 of 9 erlotinib responders (55.6%), who had EGFR-wt tumors by MtS methods, were found to possess EGFR mutations by DS. Moreover, analysis of an independent DS cohort showed that about 8% of EGFR mutations might be undetectable by MtS methods and the accuracy rates would be less than 90%. Moreover, a significant portion of these uncommon mutations is associated with disease control in response to EGFR-TKIs therapy. According to the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) (v66) database, 9.5% (524 of 5544 reported cases) of the EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinoma may be undetected by modern MtS methods [32], a finding which was similar to that of our study. Our study highlighted the limitations of MtS methods.
A recently published molecular testing guideline for EGFR mutations suggested that laboratories are strongly encouraged to use sensitive methods that are able to detect mutations in specimens with as little as 10% cancer cells [28], However, our results indicated that both DS and MtS methods have strengths and weaknesses and could potentially miss part of EGFR-mutant patients. Recently, Er et al. also focused on this issue and suggested that all samples should be screened by MtS methods first and if the mutation is detected, the results could be reported directly. If no mutation can be found, the samples should be rechecked by DS. The results indicated that combination strategy as real-time PCR screening followed by DS could increase the EGFR mutation detection rate by 4% [30]. In regions with higher frequency of EGFR mutations, there could miss more EGFR-mutant patients as the similar false negative rates of detection methods. The cost-effectiveness should also be considered in determining which strategy is suitable for clinical settings.
In the present study, there were 9 patients, who were really EGFR-wt by both DS and MtS methods, achieved PR to erlotinib treatment. One possible reason for the response to erlotinib in EGFR-wt NSCLC is that erlotinib might target pathways related to antitumor activity other than the EGFR mutations because objective responses to erlotinib have been independently observed in EGFR-wt NSCLC patients, not only in those with adenocarcinoma but also in the squamous cell carcinoma subgroup, which usually has a low EGFR mutation rate [9], [33]. Previous studies have suggested potential mechanisms to explain the erlotinib activities in EGFR-wt lung cancers, such as EGFR copy numbers [34], mutations in other exons of the EGFR gene [35], cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) pathway [36] and VeriStrat status [37]. Further studies are needed to define the underlying mechanisms.
Recent advances in sequencing methods, such as next-generation technologies, could provide a rapid, multiplexed, ultrasensitive and high throughput detection of EGFR and other actionable mutations [38]. Furthermore, a recent study by Couraud et al. suggested the potential utility of using next-generation sequencing to non-invasively screen actionable mutations in plasma cell-free DNA in lung cancer patients [39]. These results may provide another aspect on future targeted molecular therapy.
In conclusion, a significant portion of the erlotinib responses in lung adenocarcinoma patients without detectable EGFR mutations was related to the limitations of detection methods. We further highlighted that not only DS but also MtS methods were unable to detect EGFR mutations in some patients. Prospective studies are needed to define the proper strategy for EGFR mutation testing in order to enable more patients to undergo EGFR-TKIs therapy, which should take balance between the cost-effectiveness and detection sensitivity.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
EGFR mutations detected by PNA-LNA PCR clamp and MALDI-TOF MS.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107160.s001
(PDF)
Table S2.
Demographic data of the Group-I patients.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107160.s002
(PDF)
Table S3.
Demographic data of the Group-II patients.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107160.s003
(PDF)
Table S4.
EGFR mutation spectrum, detectability and responses to EGFR-TKIs treatment of an independent direct sequencing cohort.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107160.s004
(PDF)
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taichung Veterans General Hospital for the assistance in data collection and management and acknowledge the technical services provided by the Pharmacogenomics Lab of the National Research Program for Biopharmaceuticals (NRPB) (TR6-3) and Integrated Core Facility for Functional Genomics of the National Core Facility Program for Biotechnology (NCFPB) (C5), which were supported by the National Science Council (NSC102-2325-B-002-078 and NSC102-2319-B-002).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YMC GCC. Performed the experiments: CRT MHT SLY KYS. Analyzed the data: MSH C-Y. Chen C-Y. Chang TYY KCC KHH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CWW CTY. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: JST CLW.
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