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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Characteristics of Spondylotic Myelopathy on 3D Driven-Equilibrium Fast Spin Echo and 2D Fast Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

In patients with spinal stenosis, magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine can be improved by using 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences to provide a high-resolution assessment of osseous and ligamentous structures. However, it is not yet clear whether 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences adequately evaluate the spinal cord itself. As a result, they are generally supplemented by additional 2D fast spin echo sequences, adding time to the examination and potential discomfort to the patient. Here we investigate the hypothesis that in patients with spinal stenosis and spondylotic myelopathy, 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences can characterize cord lesions equally well as 2D fast spin echo sequences. We performed a retrospective analysis of 30 adult patients with spondylotic myelopathy who had been examined with both 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences and 2D fast spin echo sequences at the same scanning session. The two sequences were inspected separately for each patient, and visible cord lesions were manually traced. We found no significant differences between 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo and 2D fast spin echo sequences in the mean number, mean area, or mean transverse dimensions of spondylotic cord lesions. Nevertheless, the mean contrast-to-noise ratio of cord lesions was decreased on 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences compared to 2D fast spin echo sequences. These findings suggest that 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences do not need supplemental 2D fast spin echo sequences for the diagnosis of spondylotic myelopathy, but they may be less well suited for quantitative signal measurements in the spinal cord.

Citation: Abdulhadi MA, Perno JR, Melhem ER, Nucifora PGP (2014) Characteristics of Spondylotic Myelopathy on 3D Driven-Equilibrium Fast Spin Echo and 2D Fast Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 9(7): e100964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100964

Editor: Jonathan A. Coles, Glasgow University, United Kingdom

Received: March 21, 2014; Accepted: June 1, 2014; Published: July 15, 2014

This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.

Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to assess chronic neck pain because of its relative safety as well as the excellent contrast it provides for osseous structures, neural tissue, and cerebrospinal fluid [1]. A typical MRI examination is composed of multiple sequences, each of which is directed towards different clinical questions. In the evaluation of cervical spondylosis, an MRI examination often includes multiple T2-weighted sequences that can assess the degree of degenerative spinal stenosis as well as detect the presence of cord pathology such as spondylotic myelopathy [2], [3]. These sequences generally use T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo techniques or T2-weighted fast spin echo techniques.

Gradient-recalled echo techniques typically have a short repetition time (TR) due to their lack of a refocusing pulse. This results in faster acquisition time that can be leveraged to perform 3D imaging and improve resolution [4]–[7]. However, gradient-recalled echo techniques are prone to artifact from magnetic susceptibility that may cause image degradation near osseous structures such as the spine, aliasing in the slice select direction, and limited signal-to-noise ratios in comparison to spin echo sequences [4]–[10].

Fast spin echo techniques tend to have longer TR than gradient-recalled echo sequences, even with the use of echo trains to reduce overall scan time. Consequently, conventional fast spin echo techniques are more prone to motion artifact and generally unsuitable for 3D imaging. Driven-equilibrium pulses, when applied to fast spin echo sequences, use a resonant 90-degree radiofrequency pulse to reduce the time needed to transform residual transverse magnetization into longitudinal magnetization [11]. The addition of this pulse to a fast spin echo sequence can shorten TR sufficiently to make 3D acquisition feasible at high resolution [12]–[14].

Apart from reduced scan times, driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences have radiographic features that make them well-suited for imaging the cervical spine. A complex combination of T2 and T1 tissue signal characteristics results in a "myelographic effect" that may facilitate evaluation of the cervical spinal canal [5], [6], [12]–[14]. Near-isotropic voxel dimensions allow radiologists to perform multiplanar reformation, resulting in improved visualization of the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disks, posterior longitudinal ligaments, facet joints, and uncovertebral joints [5], [6], [15].

Many lesions in the cervical spinal cord are inconspicuous, small, and prone to partial volume effects [16]. Thus, 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo (3D-FSE) sequences, which typically use relatively thin slices, could potentially detect cord lesions as well as conventional 2D fast spin echo (2D-FSE) sequences. However, to our knowledge the appearance of cord lesions on these two sequences has not been directly compared. If they were equivalent, then 3D-FSE sequences could replace 2D-FSE sequences, total scan time could be reduced, and patient comfort could improve. In this work, we address the hypothesis that the appearance of spondylotic cord lesions in the cervical spine is equivalent on 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE sequences.

Materials and Methods

Ethics statement

All study protocols were approved by the institutional review board of the Philadelphia VA Medical Center. Waiver of informed consent was obtained due to the retrospective nature of this study. Patient records were de-identified prior to analysis.

A retrospective imaging review was performed for 30 adult patients consecutively diagnosed with spondylotic myelopathy over a six month period. In each of these cases, patients had undergone a clinical MRI examination of the cervical spine using both 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE sequences. These patients had no history of demyelination, spinal neoplasm, spinal infarction, or spinal infection.

All imaging was performed on a single 1.5 tesla scanner (Siemens Avanto). 2D-FSE images were acquired in the axial plane (Repetition time  = 4310 ms, echo time  = 99 ms, slice thickness  = 3 mm, field of view  = 200 mm, matrix dimensions  = 200×256, echo train length  = 15, acquisition time  = 4∶26) using GRAPPA parallel imaging with a reduction factor (R) of 2. 3D-FSE images were acquired in the sagittal plane and reformatted in the axial plane (Repetition time  = 1200 ms, echo time  = 119 ms, slice thickness  = 0.9 mm, field of view  = 280 mm, matrix dimensions  = 320×320, acceleration factor  = 3, echo train length  = 69, acquisition time  = 5∶53, voxel dimensions  = 0.9 mm×0.9 mm×0.9 mm) using GRAPPA parallel imaging with a reduction factor (R) of 3.

Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually placed on cord lesions by a rater without knowledge of the medical record. Evaluation sessions for 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE images were scheduled separately in order to reduce recall bias. For each lesion, in-plane axial dimensions, area, and location were recorded. Within the lesion ROIs, mean signal intensity (Slesion) was measured. Within one level of the lesion, mean signal intensity of normal cord (Snormal cord) was measured. Finally, mean signal in a region of air was measured in each study. These measurements were used to calculate the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for each lesion, defined as:where σair is the standard deviation of air signal intensity measurements [5], [6].

Lesions were cross-referenced by location and classified into three groups depending on the sequences that depicted them. Lesions visible both on 2D-FSE images and on 3D-FSE images were classified as “type 1”. Lesions visible only on 2D-FSE images were classified as “type 2”. Lesions visible only on 3D-FSE images were classified as “type 3”.

Comparisons of mean lesion dimensions, mean lesion area, and CNR were performed using the unpaired Student's t-test. Cohen's d was calculated for comparisons meeting the significance threshold (two-tailed p<0.05 with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).

Results

The study population consisted of 27 men and 3 women with a mean age of 61 years. Qualitatively, the appearance of cord lesions was fairly similar on 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE sequences (see Figure 1).

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Figure 1. Example of cord lesion in the cervical spine.

Images of the cervical spine in a representative patient demonstrated a region of abnormal cord signal both on (a) 2D-FSE sequences and (b) 3D-FSE sequences. The lesion was qualitatively similar on both sequences and approximately the same size. However, it appeared slightly less hyperintense on 3D-FSE images than on 2D-FSE images. A red outline illustrates the typical placement of the ROIs used for analysis.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100964.g001

We found no significant difference between 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE sequences in the mean number of lesions detected (2.0 lesions per patient and 2.2 lesions per patient respectively, uncorrected p>0.05). The majority of these were type 1 lesions (1.4 lesions per patient). There was no significant difference in the mean number of type 2 lesions on 2D-FSE sequences and the mean number of type 3 lesions on 3D-FSE sequences (0.6 lesions per patient and 0.8 lesions per patient respectively, uncorrected p>0.05).

There was no significant difference between 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE sequences in mean lesion dimensions or mean lesion area (see Table 1). However, mean CNR was greater on 2D-FSE sequences than on 3D-FSE sequences (d = 1.6, corrected p<0.001). This was a robust finding that persisted when considering only type 1 lesions (d = 1.5, corrected p<0.001) or when comparing type 2 to type 3 lesions (d = 1.8, corrected p<0.01).

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Table 1. Summary of cord lesion measurements.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100964.t001

On 2D-FSE sequences, there was no significant difference between type 1 and type 2 lesions in mean lesion dimensions, mean lesion area, or mean CNR. On 3D-FSE sequences, there was no significant difference between type 1 and type 3 lesions in mean lesion dimensions, mean lesion area, or mean CNR.

Discussion

We found no significant differences in the number of lesions detected using 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE sequences. Likewise, the dimensions and area of cord lesions did not differ significantly. Since these are the characteristics that are most often used to characterize cord lesions in a clinical setting, this study offers support for the equivalence of these sequences when evaluating cord signal in spondylotic myelopathy. Nevertheless, a caveat is presented by our measurements of CNR, which significantly favored 2D-FSE sequences.

A possible explanation for the differences in CNR may lie in the complex character of the signal in 3D-FSE sequences, which depends on both T1 and T2 [5], [6], [14]. This produces strong contrast between cerebrospinal fluid and the spinal cord in 3D-FSE sequences, but may also contribute to reduced contrast in spinal cord lesions. While differences in CNR had no observable effects on lesion detection in our study, this may be a more important factor in situations that require quantitative signal analysis.

Cord signal change is rare in asymptomatic patients but more common in patients presenting for preoperative evaluation of cervical stenosis [17]–[19]. Abnormal cord signal on MRI is strongly correlated to cord injury on histopathologic evaluation [16], [20]. Furthermore, a recent study suggested that intraparenchymal T2 hyperintensity in spondylotic cord lesions is correlated to the presence of abnormalities on physical examination [21]. This has been corroborated by preoperative comparisons of the clinical condition of patients with and without cord signal abnormality [20]. However, other studies have not shown a relationship between clinical severity and findings on cervical spine MRI [22], [23]. MRI of the cervical spine may play a more important role as a prognostic tool. Many studies have suggested that the appearance of cord lesions on MRI can predict clinical improvement after cervical spine decompression [20], [24]–[36], particularly if cord signal improves after surgery, although a few studies have raised some doubts [23], [37]–[39].

Our study is limited by several factors. First, we calculated CNR based on noise measured in air, outside of the lesion ROI. However, the parallel imaging techniques we used may cause inherent spatial variation in the distribution of noise, resulting in uncertainty in the accuracy of lesion CNR [4]. Although the sequence parameters we used are typical of those used in practice, it is possible that different results could have been obtained with different sequence parameters or sampling regions.

Because of the retrospective nature of this study, we were not able to assess clinical outcomes in the patients we examined. Thus, we cannot determine which findings are best correlated to current or future neurological deficits. Due to practical considerations, we did not obtain a histopathologic reference standard for cord lesions, and thus we cannot determine the diagnostic accuracy of our imaging findings. Instead, we classified lesions according to their visibility on 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE images. Type 1 lesions, visible on both sequences, are most likely to represent “true positives”. Type 2 and type 3 lesions, each visible on only one sequence, could represent either “false positives” on the sequence that depicted them or “false negatives” on the sequence that did not depict them. Regardless, type 2 and type 3 lesions only accounted for about a third of all detected cord lesions, confirming that cord signal change is generally a reproducible finding [40].

Finally, as this was a study of patients with radiologically identified cord lesions, we could not determine whether the differences we observed in CNR would affect miss rates in clinical practice. These important issues should be further evaluated in future prospective studies. We expect that continued development of dedicated sequences for the cervical spine will improve both the diagnostic and prognostic value of MRI in spondylotic myelopathy.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PN. Performed the experiments: MA JP. Analyzed the data: MA JP EM PN. Wrote the paper: MA PN.

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