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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

The Application of Transcutaneous CO2 Pressure Monitoring in the Anesthesia of Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery

  • Shijiang Liu,

    Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

    ⨯
  • Jie Sun,

    Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

    ⨯
  • Xing Chen,

    Affiliation Department of Project Management, Jiangsu New Energy Development Company, Jiangsu Guoxin Investment Group, Nanjing, China

    ⨯
  • Yingying Yu,

    Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

    ⨯
  • Xuan Liu,

    Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of TISCO, TaiYuan, China

    ⨯
  • Cunming Liu

    mingliu870@sohu.com

    Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

    ⨯

Abstract

To investigate the correlation and accuracy of transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure (PTCCO2) with regard to arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) in severe obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Twenty-one patients with BMI>35 kg/m2 were enrolled in our study. Their PaCO2, end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2), as well as PTCCO2 values were measured at before pneumoperitoneum and 30 min, 60 min, 120 min after pneumoperitoneum respectively. Then the differences between each pair of values (PetCO2–PaCO2) and. (PTCCO2–PaCO2) were calculated. Bland–Altman method, correlation and regression analysis, as well as exact probability method and two way contingency table were employed for the data analysis. 21 adults (aged 19–54 yr, mean 29, SD 9 yr; weight 86–160 kg, mean119.3, SD 22.1 kg; BMI 35.3–51.1 kg/m2, mean 42.1,SD 5.4 kg/m2) were finally included in this study. One patient was eliminated due to the use of vaso-excitor material phenylephrine during anesthesia induction. Eighty-four sample sets were obtained. The average PaCO2–PTCCO2 difference was 0.9±1.3 mmHg (mean±SD). And the average PaCO2–PetCO2 difference was 10.3±2.3 mmHg (mean±SD). The linear regression equation of PaCO2–PetCO2 is PetCO2 = 11.58+0.57×PaCO2 (r2 = 0.64, P<0.01), whereas the one of PaCO2–PTCCO2 is PTCCO2 = 0.60+0.97×PaCO2 (r2 = 0.89). The LOA (limits of agreement) of 95% average PaCO2–PetCO2 difference is 10.3±4.6 mmHg (mean±1.96 SD), while the LOA of 95% average PaCO2–PTCCO2 difference is 0.9±2.6 mmHg (mean±1.96 SD). In conclusion, transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring provides a better estimate of PaCO2 than PetCO2 in severe obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery.

Citation: Liu S, Sun J, Chen X, Yu Y, Liu X, Liu C (2014) The Application of Transcutaneous CO2 Pressure Monitoring in the Anesthesia of Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery. PLoS ONE 9(4): e91563. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091563

Editor: Zhongcong Xie, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States of America

Received: October 19, 2013; Accepted: February 12, 2014; Published: April 3, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Liu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: This study was supported by a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: Xing Chen is employed by Jiangsu New Energy Development Company, Jiangsu Guoxin Investment Group. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Introduction

Currently the “gold standard” technique for the measurement of arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) is performed by direct analysis of arterial blood gases (ABG), but this method is invasive, intermittent and may cause iatrogenic anemia in infants. The end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2) measurement has been widely used for the continuous noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide in patients with tracheal intubation during general anesthesia, However, many factors may possibly affect the accuracy of PetCO2 monitoring, such as mismatch of ventilation to blood flow (V/Q ratio), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, surgery postures, smoking, ect. Recently, noninvasive transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure (PTCCO2) monitoring has been used in infants and in adult patients with good accuracy [1]–[3].

Laparoscopic bariatric surgery is a quite common operation for the treatment of severe obese patients. Griffin J et al [4] reported that the PTCCO2 monitoring had a better accuracy than that of PetCO2 in estimate of PaCO2 for sever obesity undergoing open bariatric surgery, but the accuracy and correlation between PaCO2 measurements and PTCCO2 monitoring for patients with laparoscopic bariatric surgery is still unknown. We therefore designed the present study to evaluate the accuracy and correlation of estimating PaCO2 using a PTCCO2 monitor in severe obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery.

Materials and Methods

Ethics Statement

This study was approved by the ethic committee of Jiangsu Province Hospital. Before the study, oral informed consent was obtained from each participant. The Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Province Hospital approved oral informed consent because the study was to be of minimal risk.

We consulted with the Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Province Hospital before the experiment and were confirmed that the PTCCO2 monitor was capable of monitoring the CO2 level non-invasively. Meanwhile, it was almost impossible to cause thermal injuries on the skin or skin allergy, which in turn made it a non-invasive medical instrument. So the monitor could be applied to the selected patients as long as their oral consents were obtained in the first place. We recorded the conversation of inquiries of those consents by note and were fully supported by the Ethics Committee.

Data

22 patients were collected from our hospital, who were ASA I–II and scheduled for laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Patients with history of severe trauma, operations, smoking, and severe cardiovascular or respiratory diseases, such as coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were excluded from this study.

Anesthesia was induced with propofol (1–2 mg.kg−1), fentanyl (2–4 μg.kg −1), and rocuronium (0.6 mg.kg−1) by the same anesthetist. After tracheal intubation, patients were ventilated with 100% oxygen (2 L/min) under the mode of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), with a tidal volume of 6–10 ml/kg and an I:E ratio of 1∶2. The ventilatory frequency and tidal volume were adjusted to maintain normocarbia (PetCO2, 35–45 mmHg). The PetCO2 was monitored by side stream spirpometry (Datex-Ohmeda, Finland, air pumping speed 150 ml.min−1). PTCCO2 was monitored with a TCM-4 device (Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). One of the authors calibrated, placed, and maintained the monitor. Before placement, the electrode was cleaned, a new membrane applied, and calibration done according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The working temperature of the electrode was set at 44°C and the electrode was placed on the chest. The area where the electrode was placed was swabbed with alcohol in order to to facilitate adhesion of the disk to the skin. Re-calibration was required once the position of the electrode was changed. The electrode was removed, adjusted, and replaced in a different location on the chest every 2 h to avoid thermal injury.

An AS/5 monitor (Datex-Ohmeda, Finland) was employed to monitor the patients’ electrocardiography, pulse oxymetry, and noninvasive blood pressure. Before anesthesia, patients’ heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure were both recorded as baseline. A 20-G or 22-G arterial catheter was inserted into the left radial artery under local anesthesia for ABG sampling. PaCO2 from the ABG was determined with an i-STAT Analyzer System with Disposable EG4-cartridges. Before ABG sampling was performed, the patients’ blood pressure, HR, tidal volume, and respiratory rate were constant for at least 5 minutes to obtain the stable PTCCO2. PTCCO2 and PetCO2 were recorded simultaneously. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol (5–8 mg.kg−1.h−1), remifentanil (0.1–0.2 μg kg−1.min−1), and atracurium (0.6 mg. kg−1.h−1) to keep the variation of blood pressure and HR within 20% of baseline values. Those patients whose blood pressure drop was more than 20% baseline value or who needed a vasoconstrictor to maintain hemodynamics stable were excluded from the study. yet the data from them before hypotension occurred could still be used for the analysis. The patient’s body temperature was continuously monitored nasopharyngeally and maintained at 36°C to 37°C. The room temperature was maintained at 23°C to 25°C. Pneumoperitoneum was established and intraperitoneal CO2 infusion pressure was maintained at 12–14 mmHg during the surgery.

Statistic

Data were presented as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 17.0(SPSS Inc, USA).We assessed the agreement between PaCO2 and PTCCO2 or PaCO2 and PetCO2 using Bland–Altman method. Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used to establish the relationship. The exact probability method and two way contingency table were employed to compare the difference of 5 mmHg or less and 3 mmHg or less between PaCO2 and the other two noninvasive variables. A P value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant.

Results

21 patients (8 men and 13 women; age from 19–55 yr, 29(9)yr; weight from 86 to 160 kg, 119.3(22.1)kg; BMI from 35.3 to 51.1 kg/m2, 42.1(5.4) kg/m2) were recruited into this study. All patients underwent laparoscopic bariatric surgery. The PaCO2, PetCO2, and PTCCO2 values were recorded at 4 time points. Eight-four samples were finally obtained. The mean values of these variables at different time points are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. In these samples, PTCCO2 was correlated with PaCO2 at each time point (r = 0.90, 0.89, 0.93 and 0.90, respectively, P<0.01). PetCO2 was correlated with PaCO2 at each time point (r = 0.66, 0.71, 0.69 and 0.86, respectively, P<0.01). The PaCO2 values were ranging from 42.2 to 58.4 mmHg. The average PaCO2–PetCO2 difference was 10.3±2.3 mmHg and the average PaCO2–PTCCO2 difference was 0.9±1.3 mmHg. In those samples, both PetCO2 and PTCCO2 were closely correlated with PaCO2. The linear regression equation between PetCO2 and PaCO2 was PetCO2 = 11.58+0.57×PaCO2, r2 = 0.64, P<0.01(Figure 2); and PTCCO2 and PaCO2 was PTCCO2 = 0.60+0.97×PaCO2, r2 = 0.89, P<0.01(Figure 3). In all samples, there wasn’t a difference of 3 mmHg or less between PaCO2 and PetCO2, yet there was a difference of 3 mmHg or less between PaCO2 and PTCCO2 in 79 of the 84 samples (P<0.01). Only one PetCO2–PaCO2 difference (absolute value) was 5 mmHg or less while all values of PTCCO2–PaCO2 difference (absolute value) were 5 mmHg or less (P<0.01). According to Bland-Altman analysis, the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of the average PaCO2–PetCO2 difference was 10.3±4.6 mmHg (mean±1.96 SD, Figure 4), while the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of the average PaCO2–PTCCO2 difference was 0.9±2.6 mmHg (mean±1.96 SD, Figure 5).

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Figure 1. PetCO2, PTCCO2 and PaCO2 at different time points after CO2 pneumoperitoneum.

End tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2), transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure (PTCCO2), and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) at baseline, 30 minutes after, 60 minutes after, and 120 minutes after CO2 pneumoperitoneum. *P<0.01, compared with PaCO2. #P<0.01, compared with PaCO2.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091563.g001

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Figure 2. Linear regression analysis between PetCO2 and PaCO2.

Linear regression analysis between the end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2) and the arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) in 21 severe obese patients during laparoscopic bariatric surgery. The linear regression equation: PetCO2 = 11.58+0.57×PaCO2, r2 = 0.64, P<0.01.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091563.g002

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Figure 3. Linear regression analysis between PTCCO2 and PaCO2.

Linear regression analysis between the transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure (PTCCO2) and the arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) in 21 severe obese patients during laparoscopic bariatric surgery. The linear regression equation: PTCCO2 = 0.60+0.97×PaCO2, r2 = 0.89, P<0.01.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091563.g003

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Figure 4. Agreement between PetCO2 and PaCO2.

Agreement between PetCO2 and PaCO2 by the Bland-Altman method. Plot of the arterial carbon dioxide minus the end tidal carbon dioxide (y-axis) against the mean of the end tidal carbon dioxide and the arterial carbon dioxide (x-axis).The bias and precision are labeled. According to the Bland-Altman analysis, the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of the average PaCO2–PetCO2 difference was 10.3±4.6 mmHg (mean±1.96 SD).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091563.g004

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Figure 5. Agreement between PTCCO2 and PaCO2.

Agreement between PTCCO2 and PaCO2 by the Bland-Altman method. Plot of the arterial carbon dioxide minus the transcutaneous carbon dioxide (y-axis) against the mean of the transcutaneous carbon dioxide and the arterial carbon dioxide (x-axis).The bias and precision are labeled. The 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of the average PaCO2–PTCCO2 difference was 0.9±2.6 mmHg (mean±1.96 SD).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091563.g005

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Table 1. CO2 Partial Pressure at Different Time Points (Mean±SD, n = 21).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091563.t001

Discussion

The end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2) measurement has been widely used in the anesthetic management. However, quite a number of factors may possibly affect the accuracy of PetCO2 measurement, including alveolar ventilation volume, V/Q ratio, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc. Due to the effects of weight loss, remission of diabetes mellitus and improvement of health-related quality, bariatric surgery gets rapid development in clinical practice [5]. For those patients with severe obesity, the functional residual capacity (FRC) is reduced with increase of intrapulmonary shunt (10–25%), especially for those with abdominal obesity. And the CO2 pneumoperitoneum results in the further decrease of FRC and greater degree of intrapulmonary shunt, which diminishes the accuracy of PetCO2. Nevertheless, PTCCO2 monitoring uses heated electrodes to improve local perfusion (capillary arterialisation), which facilitates the absorption of carbon dioxide into the heated electrodes via skin diffusion. The carbon dioxide inside the electrodes changes the internal pH value, which results in PTCCO2 signals. Reid CW et al [6] reported that the PaCO2–PetCO2 difference increased along with PaCO2 levels. In the patients undergoing bariatric surgery the PetCO2 is usually greater than 40 mmHg, and PaCO2 may be underestimated, while the PTCCO2 is still accurately reflect the PaCO2 levels. Especially after the extubation, PetCO2 monitor becomes unavailable. And it is highly likely that hypoxia and hypercapnia happens. PTCCO2 monitoring is particularly valuable. In our study, the average PaCO2–PetCO2 difference was 10.3±2.3 mmHg whereas the average PaCO2–PTCCO2 difference was 0.9±1.3 mmHg. Those findings are unanimous with the past study.

Previous studies reported that the CO2 partial pressure was at its highest 30 minutes after pneumoperitoneum and was stable 60 minutes after pneumoperitoneum [7]–[9]. But Cuevlier et al [10] suggested that O2 partial pressure was stable 5 minutes and CO2 partial pressure got stable 20 minutes after pneumoperitoneum, resulting from accumulation of more CO2 in vivo. Therefore, determination of PTCCO2 30 minutes after pneumoperitoneum in our study was feasible for most patients. Xue Q et al [11] suggested that in prolonged laparoscopic surgery PTCCO2 monitor was more accurate than PetCO2, and the linear regression equations were PTCCO2 = 0.74×PaCO2+11.07, r2 = 0.71, P<0.0001; PetCO2 = 1.04×PaCO2+6.45, r2 = 0.55, P<0.01. However, the correlation of the PTCCO2 and PaCO2 is unknown more than 60 minutes after pneumoperitoneum. In this study, the laparoscopy was applied during the whole surgery process, and we found PTCCO2 and PaCO2 still demonstrated excellent correlation 120 minutes after pneumoperitoneum (r = 0.93).

Griffin J et al [4] found that carbon dioxide monitoring by using PTCCO2 was more accurate in patients with a BMI greater than 40 kg/m2 undergoing transabdominal bariatric surgery. Maniscalco M et al [12] suggested that in patients (BMI, 43.7 kg/m2) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), hypopnea syndrome (OHS) and respiratory failure (RF), PTCCO2 still accurately reflected the PaCO2,compared with the blood gas analysis. Our findings indicated that PTCCO2 was more accurate in reflecting the real levels of PaCO2 than PetCO2 in patients with BMI>35 kg/m2 undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. And only one PetCO2 readings was 5 mmHg or less from PaCO2 while all values of PTCCO2 were 5 mmHg or less.

The successful PTCCO2 monitoring depends on monitor and a series of patient factors. Although TC-CO2 monitoring more accurately reflected PaCO2 in most of the patients in the previous studies, several technical factors may affect the accuracy of monitor, including trapped air bubbles, improper placement, damaged membranes, and inappropriate calibration techniques. Patient-related factors may also affect the accuracy, such as variations in skin thickness, the presence of edema, tissue hypoperfusion, or the use of vasoconstricting drugs and oxygen deficiency acidosis. Nishiyama T et al [13] found PTCCO2 and PTCO2 more precisely predict the PaCO2 and PaO2 when the electrodes were put on the chest, compared to the placement at the upper arm and forearm. Nishiyama T etc [14] found chest electrode was better than the ear electrode. We put the electrode on the left side chest (between nipple and clavicle), which was easy to be observe by the anesthesiologists and reduced the influence of electrode caused by the body movement during abdominal operation.

Electrode heating temperature can significantly affect the accuracy of the measurement results. Nishiyama T et al [15] suggested that the electrode should be heated to at least 43°C in adults patients, when PTCCO2 and PTCO2 could accurately estimate PaCO2 and PaO2 respectively. Sorensen LC et al [16] found that lower electrode temperature increased systematic error of measurements in premature and newborns. The higher the electrode temperature was, the greater the risk of burn injury was.Accordingly, in our study we set the electrode temperature at 44°C as manufactures recommedation, and no patient suffered from postoperative skin burn, while skin erythema occurred in 15 patients, and disappeared in 24 hours.

Skin tissue perfusion also affected the accuracy of the PTCCO2 monitoring. Lower environmental temperature resulted in skin vascular contraction, reduced blood flow, In this study temperature in the operating room always maintained above 23°C. Meanwhile, patients’ exposure was reduced to the lowest possible level. Currently there are still disputes about the accuracy of PTCCO2 monitoring with the use of vasopressors, and past studies suggested vasopressors affected accuracy of PTCCO2 monitoring [16], [17], whereas Berkenbosch JW [2] and Rodriguez P [18] found that vasopressors didn’t affect the accuracy of the PTCCO2 monitoring. Most of general anesthetics have the effect of vasodilation. Propofol administration produced venodilation and peripheral vasodilation in humans [19]. Opioids (like fentanyl and remifentanil) produced concentration-dependent and endothelium-independent relaxations in human being radial artery rings [20]. In our study only one patient received vasoconstrictor during anesthesia induction and the other 21 patients not.

We all know that during jet ventilation (JV), PetCO2 may underestimate PaCO2 because of inadequate washout of the anatomical dead space by a small tidal volume and the relatively slow response time of infrared CO2 analyzers. Especially during use of high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) [21]. But the transcutaneous devices provide an effective method for non-invasive monitoring of PaCO2 in situations where continuous and precise control of CO2 levels in perioperative with HFJV [22]. PTCCO2 monitoring especially useful during use of HFJV in obese patients which can avoid them in high risks of hypercapnia.

However, PTCCO2 can not substitute the PetCO2 monitoring completely as PetCO2 monitoring has many unique advantages, including the judgment of successful intubation, the warning of breathing circuit disconnected and indicator of pulmonary embolism, etc. In addition, the PetCO2 wave pattern had more clinical significance. The PTCCO2 monitoring was limited by many factors, including longer priming time, adjuscting before use, periodically electrode replacement, no CO2 waveform and the risk of skin burn injury [23].

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study demonstrated that PTCCO2 can estimate the PaCO2 more accurately than PetCO2 in obese patients under laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Moreover, the application of PTCCO2 monitoring might improve the quality of the anesthesia management.

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank Hui Liang in the Department of General Surgey at our hospital for his relentless support during this study, and we are indebted to Xiaoguang Guo in the Department of Anesthesiology at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University for his assistance in manuscript preparation.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CML. Performed the experiments: SJL YYY XL. Analyzed the data: SJL JS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SJL CML JS. Wrote the paper: SJL XC.

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