Enhancing the power quality in radial electrical systems using optimal sizing and selective allocation of distributed generations

Bachirou Bogno; Deli Goron; Nisso Nicodem; S. Shanmugan; Dieudonné Kidmo Kaoga; Kitmo; Akhlaque Ahmad Khan; Yasser Fouad; Michel Aillerie

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316281

Peer Review History

Original SubmissionMay 13, 2024
13 Aug 2024 Decision Letter - Ch. Rami Reddy, Editor PONE-D-24-19219Enhancing the power quality in radial electrical systems using optimal sizing and selective allocation of distributed generationsPLOS ONE Dear Dr. Kidmo Kaoga, Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process. Please submit your revised manuscript by Sep 27 2024 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file. 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Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ******** 2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously? Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available? The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified. Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English? PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here. Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 5. Review Comments to the Author Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters) Reviewer #1: The work presented by the authors on distributed generations is interesting. I recommend publication of this work in Plos One if the following corrections are made 1. Figures 2 and 3: which switches are open or closed during DG injection? 2. The authors have not addressed system reconfiguration, which could be a major contribution to this work. 3. Figs. 5 and 6: we only see 2DG, whereas in Figs. 2 and 3 the authors presented 3DG. 4. A comparison table should be provided for the algorithms selected in Fig. 11. Reviewer #2: Comments: 1) How does the integration of distributed generation (DGs) affect the voltage and power profiles in radial distribution systems? Explain by graph. 2) Can you explain how hybrid DG systems using radial DNs can help mitigate power blackouts? Explain the procedure. 3) How does the proposed optimization technique improve the scalability and stability of the proposed system in terms of locating stable nodes and managing voltage fluctuations? 4) Why author us PSO as a solution tool, why not some other metaheuristic method? 5) What are the key factors considered when designing and sizing DG units at each node for stability margins? 6) What are the benefits of assessing voltage, current, and harmonic distortion rates at various injection points of distributed generators before and after reconfiguring the structure? 7) How does the system reconfiguration approach ensure minimal power losses and maximum network power size in radially constructed networks? ****** 6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files. 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Revision 1
16 Sep 2024 Author Response Reviewer #1: The work presented by the authors on distributed generations is interesting. I recommend publication of this work in Plos One if the following corrections are made 1. Figures 2 and 3: which switches are open or closed during DG injection? Based on the reviewer’s comments, we have added Table 1 which contain the state of switches. 2. The authors have not addressed system reconfiguration, which could be a major contribution to this work. As recommended by the reviewer, we have addressed the reconfiguration of the system. Related results are provided in Figure 11 and 12. 3. Figs. 5 and 6: we only see 2DG, whereas in Figs. 2 and 3 the authors presented 3DG. The sources are defined by the photovoltaic system for DG1, the wind plant for DG2 and the electricity grid for DG3 in this manuscript. 3DGs label was used to design the Grid’s source. The revised manuscript has been updated accordingly. 4. A comparison table should be provided for the algorithms selected in Fig. 11. As recommended by the reviewer, we have provided compared results in Table 3. Reviewer #2: 1) How does the integration of distributed generation (DGs) affect the voltage and power profiles in radial distribution systems? Explain by graph. In Figure 7, without the DG (magenta colour), the voltage drop is high. With 1DG (blue colour) the voltage decrease improves. When 2DGs (green colour) and 3 DGs (black colour) are installed, the voltage profile improves and the system becomes stable. The same applies to Figure 9: with 1DG (magenta colour) or (blue colour), the power losses are very significant; when 2DGs (black colour) or (red colour) are injected, the power losses progressively decrease. 2) Can you explain how hybrid DG systems using radial DNs can help mitigate power blackouts? Explain the procedure. Figure 11 shows the reconfiguration of the radial system on the IEEE 33 bus standard test, while Figure 12 shows the automatic reconfiguration of the system on the standard and 69 bus test. This reconfiguration reduces power losses and improves the voltage profile as the number of DGs increases. In this case, opening or closing the switches increases or decreases the active and reactive power on the nodes and branches of the radial system. Initially, some switches are open, while others are closed, both for the IEEE 33 bus standard configuration (Figure 2 and 11) and for the IEEE 69 bus standard configuration (Figure 3 and 12). Table 1 shows the switch positions. Opening or closing is managed by PSO algorithms, which take account of blackouts and sudden and unexpected changes in the behaviour of non-linear loads. Three scenarios are presented: Grid+Wind (Scenario 1), Grid+PV (Scenario 2) and Grid+Wind+PV (Scenario 3). The maximum power level is reached with the Grid+Wind+PV scenario. In all three cases, the branches are connected and disconnected to create other meshes and loops 3) How does the proposed optimization technique improve the scalability and stability of the proposed system in terms of locating stable nodes and managing voltage fluctuations? Scalability and stability are defined by Equations (2), (3), (4) and (5). These equations define the constraints on the performance of the system to hold the voltage level stable, in order to produce energy compensation for energy management at the common point of coupling. Algorithms are important to implement these criteria in the objective function in Equation (9). This condition enables the assessment of power losses and power quality on the different branches of the radial network. 4) Why author use PSO as a solution tool, why not some other metaheuristic method? The PSO algorithms are compared to two other algorithms in Figure 13. The speed of convergence of the objective function shows that PSO converges towards the best scores compared with the other two algorithms. These results are in the same direction as those obtained in [33]. The aim of optimising the system is to reduce power losses and improve the voltage profile on the various branches and nodes of the radial system. The algorithms also make it possible to reduce the transient interval in order to limit power losses. The work in [34] shows that PSOs are suitable for reducing power loss and are better suited to the constraints associated with the fast response of an electrical system. Table 3 shows the results obtained by the algorithms selected from the literature. The highlighted manuscript has been revised and updated. 5) What are the key factors considered when designing and sizing DG units at each node for stability margins? The key factors in DG sizing are the minimisation of power power losses and the enhancement of voltage profiles as defined in Table 2. This table summarises the different voltage and power ranges obtained after automatic reconfiguration of the system. It can be seen that by adding DGs the voltage profile improves and the power losses also decrease. 6) What are the benefits of assessing voltage, current, and harmonic distortion rates at various injection points of distributed generators before and after reconfiguring the structure? The benefits of assessing voltage, current, and harmonic distortion rates at various injection points of distributed generators before and after reconfiguring the structure is to assess the quality of the energy produced and the impact of DGs on the grid. We can see that without a battery bank, the system is less stable and the voltage profiles are not good, whereas after integrating a battery bank and 2 DGs, the system performs better in terms of stability and power quality. 7) How does the system reconfiguration approach ensure minimal power losses and maximum network power size in radially constructed networks? The system is reconfigured by opening some switches, as demonstrated in Figure 11 and Figure 12, and by closing the switches involved in switching. The system ensures automatic reconfiguration to reduce power losses and to meet the energy demand by the load at the common point of coupling. Energy management and system reconfiguration depend on the power required by the loads. In this case, opening or closing allows the system's active and reactive power to be increased or reduced. Thank you very much for your helpful feedback. Attachments Attachment Submitted filename: Responses to Reviewer comments.docx https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316281.r002
24 Oct 2024 Decision Letter - Ch. Rami Reddy, Editor PONE-D-24-19219R1Enhancing the power quality in radial electrical systems using optimal sizing and selective allocation of distributed generationsPLOS ONE Dear Dr. Kidmo Kaoga, Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process. Please submit your revised manuscript by Dec 08 2024 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file. 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Any changes to the reference list should be mentioned in the rebuttal letter that accompanies your revised manuscript. If you need to cite a retracted article, indicate the article’s retracted status in the References list and also include a citation and full reference for the retraction notice. Additional Editor Comments: This paper needs some minor revisions, before it can be considered for publication 1. The literature review may be improved with recent 2024 literature 2. Highlight the author contributions as bullet points, that may attract the readers after publication 3. There are many english language errors. Proof read with native speaker in power quality, preferebly a professor in electrical power domain 4. The discussion section may be improved further with recent literature and results 5. Explain every variables used in the equations, verify all once again Thanks [Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.] Reviewers' comments: Reviewer's Responses to Questions Comments to the Author 1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation. Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed Reviewer #2: (No Response) ******** 2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions? The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. Reviewer #1: Partly Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously? Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available? The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified. Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English? PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here. Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 6. Review Comments to the Author Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters) Reviewer #1: The authors have made the effort to adequately address my concerns and expectations, I recommend the publication of this paper in Plos One Reviewer #2: (No Response) ****** 7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files. 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Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email PLOS at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316281.r003
Revision 2
30 Nov 2024 Author Response This paper needs some minor revisions, before it can be considered for publication We thank the editor for this constructive comment. 1. The literature review may be improved with recent 2024 literature. We thank the editor for this helpful suggestion. Some recent works are cited in this regard, such as: i. R. P. Kumar and G. Karthikeyan, “A multi-objective optimization solution for distributed generation energy management in microgrids with hybrid energy sources and battery storage system,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 75, p. 109702, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.EST.2023.109702. ii. B. Yang et al., “Modelling, applications, and evaluations of optimal sizing and placement of distributed generations: A critical state-of-the-art survey,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 3615–3642, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1002/ER.6104. iii. B. N. Reddy et al., “Wind turbine with line-side PMSG FED DC-DC converter for voltage regulation,” PLoS One, vol. 19, no. 6, p. e0305272, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0305272. iv. K. R. Cheepati, S. B. Daram, C. Rami Reddy, T. Mariprasanth, B. Alamri, and M. Alqarni, “Analysis of Transient Stability through a Novel Algorithm with Optimization under Contingency Conditions,” Energies 2024, Vol. 17, Page 4404, vol. 17, no. 17, p. 4404, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.3390/EN17174404. v. P. Rani, V. Parkash, and N. K. Sharma, “Technological aspects, utilization and impact on power system for distributed generation: A comprehensive survey,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 192, p. 114257, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.RSER.2023.114257. The Manuscript has been entirely formatted and revised, adding many recent references. 2. Highlight the author contributions as bullet points, that may attract the readers after publication We thank the editor for this helpful suggestion. The contribution has been highlighted in the revised version of the manuscript. 3. There are many english language errors. Proof read with native speaker in power quality, preferebly a professor in electrical power domain We thank the editor for this helpful suggestion. We have improved the writing language in this manuscript by revising the whole document. 4. The discussion section may be improved further with recent literature and results We thank the editor for this helpful suggestion. The results obtained are compared with recent work in the literature, according to the editor's recommendations. 5. Explain every variable used in the equations, verify all once again We thank the editor for this helpful suggestion. We have clarified and gave the meaning of the variables used in the revised version of the manuscript. Reviewer #1: Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed We thank the reviewer for this approval. Thank you very much one again for your helpful feedback. Attachments Attachment Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316281.r004
9 Dec 2024 Decision Letter - Ch. Rami Reddy, Editor Enhancing the power quality in radial electrical systems using optimal sizing and selective allocation of distributed generations PONE-D-24-19219R2 Dear Dr. Kidmo Kaoga, We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements. Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication. An invoice will be generated when your article is formally accepted. Please note, if your institution has a publishing partnership with PLOS and your article meets the relevant criteria, all or part of your publication costs will be covered. Please make sure your user information is up-to-date by logging into Editorial Manager at Editorial Manager® and clicking the ‘Update My Information' link at the top of the page. If you have any questions relating to publication charges, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org. If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org. Kind regards, Ch. Rami Reddy, Post Doc Academic Editor PLOS ONE Additional Editor Comments (optional): Reviewers' comments: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316281.r005
Formally Accepted
16 Dec 2024 Acceptance Letter - Ch. Rami Reddy, Editor PONE-D-24-19219R2 PLOS ONE Dear Dr. Kidmo Kaoga, I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now being handed over to our production team. At this stage, our production department will prepare your paper for publication. This includes ensuring the following: * All references, tables, and figures are properly cited * All relevant supporting information is included in the manuscript submission, * There are no issues that prevent the paper from being properly typeset If revisions are needed, the production department will contact you directly to resolve them. If no revisions are needed, you will receive an email when the publication date has been set. At this time, we do not offer pre-publication proofs to authors during production of the accepted work. Please keep in mind that we are working through a large volume of accepted articles, so please give us a few weeks to review your paper and let you know the next and final steps. Lastly, if your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org. If we can help with anything else, please email us at customercare@plos.org. Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE and supporting open access. Kind regards, PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff on behalf of Dr. Ch. Rami Reddy Academic Editor PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316281.r006

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