Relationship between urban morphology and land surface temperature—A case study of Nanjing City

Shusheng Yin; Jiatong Liu; Zenglin Han

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260205

Peer Review History

Original SubmissionFebruary 7, 2021
6 Mar 2021 Decision Letter - Jun Yang, Editor PONE-D-21-03097 Relationship between urban morphology and land surface temperature – a case study of Nanjing City PLOS ONE Dear Dr. shusheng, Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process. Please submit your revised manuscript by Apr 20 2021 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file. Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript: A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'. A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'. An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'. If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter. Guidelines for resubmitting your figure files are available below the reviewer comments at the end of this letter. If applicable, we recommend that you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io to enhance the reproducibility of your results. Protocols.io assigns your protocol its own identifier (DOI) so that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript. Kind regards, Jun Yang Academic Editor PLOS ONE Additional Editor Comments: Reviewer 1 This paper is overall interesting. However, the major revisions are required in terms of English, references, logic and structure. Please see the detailed comments in the attachment. My pleasure to see your revised verison. Reviewer 2 Summary: The paper presents an application of MGWR to Landsat-derived LST across Nanjing. This is potentially useful to other researchers as an application case study that can inform future work on similar problems. I recommend "major" revisions primarily b/c I'm asking for a bit of additional statistical analysis. But I am confident that the authors can address my comments. Section 3.2: Since the purpose of this paper is to compare MGWR to GWR, it would be useful if the authors could expand this section to provide a bit more context. Has MGWR been applied to similar problems elsewhere? What is the theoretical motivation for applying MGWR to the challenge of LST prediction in an urban environment? Section 4.1: The first long paragraph is mostly unnecessary b/c the results are summarized in a table. I suggest that the authors remove this paragraph in favor of a short paragraph that highlights any particularly interesting features of these results. A similar comment applies to the Section 4.2 text that presents the numbers preported in Tables 4 and 5. Section 4.3: Is MGWR better than GWR by a statistically significant amount? A test of statistical significance could be added to "Table 4" of this section (which I think is actually Table 7 in the manuscript). Section 4.3: Are the R2 statistics provided here for data that were used in fitting the MGWR and GWR, or for holdout data? While AIC is useful, it would be better to see how the models compare in out-of-sample prediction. Also, why is R2 and adjR2 the only metric used? What about MSE, or some other indicator of magnitude of error? Section 5: It is unusual to have a "Conclusions" section between Results and Discussion. Perhaps this could be restructured to be a Section 4.4 "Summary" of results? p. 26, top line: there's an incomplete sentence here. Journal Requirements: When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements. 1. Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. 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Please do not edit.] Reviewers' comments: Reviewer's Responses to Questions Comments to the Author 1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions? The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Partly ******** 2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously? Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available? The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified. Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English? PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here. Reviewer #1: No Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 5. Review Comments to the Author Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters) Reviewer #1: Dear authors, This paper is overall interesting. However, the major revisions are required in terms of English, references, logic and structure. Please see the detailed comments in the attachment. My pleasure to see your revised verison. Reviewer #2: Summary: The paper presents an application of MGWR to Landsat-derived LST across Nanjing. This is potentially useful to other researchers as an application case study that can inform future work on similar problems. I recommend "major" revisions primarily b/c I'm asking for a bit of additional statistical analysis. But I am confident that the authors can address my comments. Section 3.2: Since the purpose of this paper is to compare MGWR to GWR, it would be useful if the authors could expand this section to provide a bit more context. Has MGWR been applied to similar problems elsewhere? What is the theoretical motivation for applying MGWR to the challenge of LST prediction in an urban environment? Section 4.1: The first long paragraph is mostly unnecessary b/c the results are summarized in a table. I suggest that the authors remove this paragraph in favor of a short paragraph that highlights any particularly interesting features of these results. A similar comment applies to the Section 4.2 text that presents the numbers preported in Tables 4 and 5. Section 4.3: Is MGWR better than GWR by a statistically significant amount? A test of statistical significance could be added to "Table 4" of this section (which I think is actually Table 7 in the manuscript). Section 4.3: Are the R2 statistics provided here for data that were used in fitting the MGWR and GWR, or for holdout data? While AIC is useful, it would be better to see how the models compare in out-of-sample prediction. Also, why is R2 and adjR2 the only metric used? What about MSE, or some other indicator of magnitude of error? Section 5: It is unusual to have a "Conclusions" section between Results and Discussion. Perhaps this could be restructured to be a Section 4.4 "Summary" of results? p. 26, top line: there's an incomplete sentence here. ****** 6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files. If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public. Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review?** For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy. Reviewer #1: No Reviewer #2: No [NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files.] While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email PLOS at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step. Attachments Attachment Submitted filename: NJC2(authors)-with comments.docx https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260205.r001
Revision 1
14 Sep 2021 Author Response Dear Roland Paile Bendaña Thank you for sending the feedback. Overall, the manuscript has been extensively revised to address the concerns raised by the editor. The specific comments and changes are listed as follows in a point-to-point manner. Response to Editor Comments: 1. Thank you for uploading your figures as individual figure files. Before we can proceed, please still remove the images from the manuscript file, and upload an updated version of this doc. Response #1: We have removed the pictures in the manuscript and submitted a new manuscript. Thanks again for the comments and valuable suggestions to improve our manuscript. Kind regards, Shusheng Yin. Attachments Attachment Submitted filename: Responses to Reviewers.docx https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260205.r002
5 Oct 2021 Decision Letter - Jun Yang, Editor PONE-D-21-03097R1Relationship between urban morphology and land surface temperature – a case study of Nanjing CityPLOS ONE Dear Dr. shusheng, Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process. Please submit your revised manuscript by Nov 19 2021 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file. Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript: A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'. A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'. An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'. If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter. Guidelines for resubmitting your figure files are available below the reviewer comments at the end of this letter. If applicable, we recommend that you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io to enhance the reproducibility of your results. Protocols.io assigns your protocol its own identifier (DOI) so that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols. Additionally, PLOS ONE offers an option for publishing peer-reviewed Lab Protocol articles, which describe protocols hosted on protocols.io. Read more information on sharing protocols at https://plos.org/protocols?utm_medium=editorial-email&utm_source=authorletters&utm_campaign=protocols. We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript. Kind regards, Jun Yang Academic Editor PLOS ONE Additional Editor Comments (if provided): After reading through authors revision, I found authors have made most revisions. However, it cannot meet the requirements. 1. For instance, several abbrevations have been used in the abstract, but it does not provide the full name. 2. Authors have inserted the solid references to support their argument in the context. However, such references have not been updated in the last Reference section. Authors have to address this problem. I will further check this in the next round of review. 3. Authors may be interested in the following references: Yang, J., Wang, Y., Xue, B., Li, Y., Xiao, X., Xia, J. C., & He, B. (2021). Contribution of urban ventilation to the thermal environment and urban energy demand: Different climate background perspectives. Science of The Total Environment, 795, 148791. Luo, X., Yang, J., Sun, W., & He, B. (2021). Suitability of human settlements in mountainous areas from the perspective of ventilation: A case study of the main urban area of Chongqing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 310, 127467. 4. Moreover， authors are required to provide a document of 'responses to reviewers' in which authors' responses are provided point-by-point.. 5. Therefore, please reply to me in the next round based on the document of 'responses to reviewers'. Both the first-round and second-round responses should be provided. 6. Section 6 should be shortened to provide key information. [Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.] Reviewers' comments: Reviewer's Responses to Questions Comments to the Author 1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation. Reviewer #1: (No Response) Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed ******** 2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions? The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. Reviewer #1: Partly Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously? Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available? The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified. Reviewer #1: Yes Reviewer #2: (No Response) ****** 5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English? PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here. Reviewer #1: No Reviewer #2: Yes ****** 6. Review Comments to the Author Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters) Reviewer #1: After reading through authors revision, I found authors have made most revisions. However, it cannot meet the requirements. 1. For instance, several abbrevations have been used in the abstract, but it does not provide the full name. 2. Authors have inserted the solid references to support their argument in the context. However, such references have not been updated in the last Reference section. Authors have to address this problem. I will further check this in the next round of review. 3. Authors may be interested in the following references: Yang, J., Wang, Y., Xue, B., Li, Y., Xiao, X., Xia, J. C., & He, B. (2021). Contribution of urban ventilation to the thermal environment and urban energy demand: Different climate background perspectives. Science of The Total Environment, 795, 148791. Luo, X., Yang, J., Sun, W., & He, B. (2021). Suitability of human settlements in mountainous areas from the perspective of ventilation: A case study of the main urban area of Chongqing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 310, 127467. 4. Moreover， authors are required to provide a document of 'responses to reviewers' in which authors' responses are provided point-by-point.. 5. Therefore, please reply to me in the next round based on the document of 'responses to reviewers'. Both the first-round and second-round responses should be provided. 6. Section 6 should be shortened to provide key information. Reviewer #2: I thank the authors for their responses to my queries, and I am happy to recommend the manuscript for publication. ****** 7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files. If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public. Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review?** For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy. Reviewer #1: No Reviewer #2: No [NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files.] While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email PLOS at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260205.r003
Revision 2
29 Oct 2021 Author Response Dear editors and reviewers: Thank you very much for your letter, and the referees’ reports. Based on your comment and request, we have made extensive modification on the original manuscript. Here, we attached the revised manuscript in the formats of both manuscript and editable words for your approval. A document answering every question from the referees was also summarized and enclosed. A revised manuscript with the correction sections blue marked was attached as the supplemental material and for easy check and editing purpose. If you have any questions, please contact us without hesitation. Comment 1:For instance, several abbrevations have been used in the abstract, but it does not provide the full name. Answers to comment 1: Thank you very much for referees’ reports. I seriously thought about the reviewer’s opinion and carefully answered the question. Based on your question about the full name of academic term , I checked the manuscript specifically. For the first time, the explanation for the POI has appeared in the Line 11 of the abstract section . Original(L8 - L11 ): This study investigated the relationship between urban form and land surface temperature (LST) using the Multi-access Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model. A case study on Nanjing City was conducted using building data, point-of-interest (POI) data, land use data, remote sensing data, and elevation data. Amendment(L8 - L11 ): This study investigated the relationship between urban form and land surface temperature (LST) using the Multi-access Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model. A case study on Nanjing City was conducted using building data, point-of-interest (POI) data, land use data, remote sensing data, and elevation data. Comment 2:Authors have inserted the solid references to support their argument in the context. However, such references have not been updated in the last Reference section. Authors have to address this problem. I will further check this in the next round of review. Answers to comment 2: Thank you very much for referees’ reports. I seriously thought about the reviewer's opinion and carefully answered the question. During the writing process, I have updated all the cited information in the manuscript after careful inspection. On the premise of following the journal citation rules and tracking the latest research in 2021, it is an honor and pleasure that some inspiration collided in my brain. I, based on the above, amended some expressions of the manuscript, in addition, and adequately proofread the references many times to ensure the rationality and scientific. Once again, I sincerely thank the referees for their careful reports and predecessors for their painstaking research. Original(L426 - L432 ): The conclusions of this research and existing research results are mutually confirmed (Han et al., 2016; Yan et al., 2019). In plain areas with low altitude and gentle slopes, the development of human activities is less difficult, human activities are frequent, and construction land is concentrated. Areas with concentrated secondary and tertiary industries are more likely to have higher LST, whereas areas with mountains and agricultural land are likely to have lower LST due to several factors such as altitude and vegetation. Amendment(L427 - L440 ): The conclusions of this research and existing research results are mutually confirmed (Han et al., 2014; Yan et al., 2019;Yang et al.,2020). In plain areas with low altitude and gentle slopes, the development of human activities is less difficult, human activities are frequent, and construction land is concentrated. Areas with concentrated secondary and tertiary industries are more likely to have higher LST, whereas areas with mountains and agricultural land are likely to have lower LST due to several factors such as altitude and vegetation(Luo et al.,2021;Peng et al.,2021). It is noteworthy that, unlike the findings of previous studies, an obvious positive correlation was found between urban BH, BD, and LST. However, the LST of high-rise and super high-rise building areas was found to be lower than that of mid-rise building areas. This could be explained by the expansion of shadow areas generated by super high-rise buildings; similar phenomena were also observed between medium-density building areas and high-density building areas (Meng et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2021). Originall(L528 - L732 ): Reference 1.Alexander Buyantuyev, Jianguo Wu. Urban heat islands and landscape heterogeneity: linking spatiotemporal variations in surface temperatures to land-cover and socioeconomic patterns [J]. 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Effects of urban three-dimensional morphology on thermal environment: a review [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020,40( 2):416-427. DOI: 10.5846 /stxb201902250353. Comment 3: Moreover， authors are required to provide a document of 'responses to reviewers' in which authors' responses are provided point-by-point. Answers to comment 3: Thank you very much for referees’ reports. I seriously thought about the reviewer's opinion and carefully answered the question. After the revision, I have been more cautious about the content that reviewers focused on. Named as the response to the reviewer, the document, as a separate file, is attached to the response to the response to the manuscript. Comment 4:Therefore, please reply to me in the next round based on the document of 'responses to reviewers'. Both the first-round and second-round responses should be provided. Answers to comment 4: Thank you very much for referees’ reports. I seriously thought about the reviewer's opinion and carefully answered the question. After the revision, I am willing to provide additional documents for the first and second rounds of revision responses. Nominated as the response to the reviewer, the files mentioned above are attached to the response to the manuscript. Comment 5:Section 6 should be shortened to provide key information. Answers to comment 5: Thank you very much for referees’ reports. After intense internal brain-storming, we seriously reviewed the sixth section. Strongly and humbly, we agreed with and adopted the comments of the reviewers. Based on the above internal-external joint contributions, we have made the following changes to the parts that reviewers focused on. On the one hand, based on the selection of impact factors, two-dimensional plane combined with three-dimensional multi-dimensional research perspectives, and research methods, we have re-written the advantage section. By comparing the latest research progress, the manuscript expanded the research perspective of LST, starting from a two-dimensional plane and extending it to a three-dimensional space, further quantifying the impact of different spatial organization types on LST. It is necessary to mention that the manuscript in an earlier period combined MGWR model with LST research , which further proved the correlation of urban spatial structure on LST. On the other hand, in the limitation section, instead of the previous expressions that may have caused readers' misunderstanding, we have rewritten some expressions that are more likely to arouse readers' discussion. As MGWR model is more widely used in thermal environment research, we look forward to receiving more feedback. In addition to calling on people to pay more attention to the relevance of their own development and environmental changes, we are more inclined to seek solutions, whether it is economic policies or law regulations. Once again, I sincerely thank the referees for their careful reports and predecessors for their painstaking research. Originall(L425 - L503 ): 6. Advantages and Limitations The conclusions of this research and existing research results are mutually confirmed (Han et al., 2016; Yan et al., 2019). In plain areas with low altitude and gentle slopes, the development of human activities is less difficult, human activities are frequent, and construction land is concentrated. Areas with concentrated secondary and tertiary industries are more likely to have higher LST, whereas areas with mountains and agricultural land are likely to have lower LST due to several factors such as altitude and vegetation. It is noteworthy that, unlike the findings of previous studies, an obvious positive correlation was found between urban BH, BD, and LST. However, the LST of high-rise and super high-rise building areas was found to be lower than that of mid-rise building areas. This could be explained by the expansion of shadow areas generated by super high-rise buildings; similar phenomena were also observed between medium-density building areas and high-density building areas (Meng et al., 2018; Peng et al., 2021). A city is a complex system where residents provide certain infrastructure and social relations. The urban thermal environment is the result of a combination of human activities and other factors under certain natural conditions (Zhao et al.,2020; Chen et al.,2019). Due to the problem of data acquisition, the research on the relationship between surface temperature and its influence at home and abroad mostly adopts top-down methods, to a certain extent Ignore the influence of human activities and urban form. Based on the existing research, this paper determines the impact of different human activities on the urban thermal environment, and further proves that urban green space can help alleviate the urban heat island effect. (Zhou et al.,2018; Zhao et al.,2020). The process of urbanization has led to overpopulation and excessive industrial concentration, causes a change in the nature of heat exchange at the bottom, and aggravating the formation and development of the urban heat island effect, which requires the attention of urban planning agencies. In addition, based on the results of this article, strategies to reduce heat stress by addressing the urban heat island effect, (e.g., control the scale of urban built-up areas, optimize urban spatial structure, increase urban green areas, alleviate urban population concentration and other measures). We should also cooperate with commercial real estate developers to control the height and density of new buildings, optimize the design of future urban parks, increase the construction of urban ventilation corridors and green spaces, and further alleviate the urban heat island effect (Liu et al.,2020). 6.1 Advantages Based on research of urban thermal environment effect for a single data source influencing factors, and the problem of analysis method of single with higher level of urbanization in Nanjing as the research object, combined with digital elevation data urban building land use type data and POI data set multi-source spatial information data, comprehensive utilization of quantitative inversion and MGWR analysis methods, such as, on the basis of comprehensive study and the urban thermal environment effect and influence factors, further enrich the research of urban thermal environment research perspective Studies have proved that Geography Weighted Regression(GWR) has been broadly used in various fields to model spatially non-stationary relationships(Liu et al.,2018;Yang et al.,2020).Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression(MGWR) is a recent advancement to the classic GWR model. Compared with the traditional GWR model, The MGWR model has advantages in acquiring the ability of different scales (Jin et al.,2021). The MGWR model can effectively analyze the multi-scale relationship between the urban thermal environment and its influencing factors, and has a positive effect on urban dynamic development and urban thermal environment management. 6.2 Limitations This study integrated POI data, building data, urban road data sets and other data to analyze the factors affecting the urban thermal environment. However, it should also be noted that POI data represents the geographic information and utilization characteristics of various facilities, and can only represent a certain Whether the utilization characteristics of each time node can represent the historical utilization characteristics and intensity still needs to be studied. Secondly, as for the classification of building height in Nanjing, this study is based on the established unified standard. However, if we can carry out extensive discussion based on the actual situation of the study area, and finally determine the most reasonable height classification, the research will have more practical value. Thirdly, existing researches mostly focus on the status quo of urban thermal environment, and there is still a lack of in-depth research on the prediction and analysis of urban thermal environment evolution trends, the construction of a heat island effect warning mechanism, and urban space optimization strategies. The MGWR model facilitated multi-factor analysis of LST. However, due to issues such as data availability and collinearity, the application of the MGWR model has certain limitations. The urban landscape is a complex dynamic system composed of infrastructure, human activities, and social connections. Changes in urban surface temperature need to be observed from a more micro perspective (Cao et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020). Urban ground monitoring data have not been fully disclosed, which limits the study. In addition, street view data were used in the study of the urban thermal environment, and the number of street scenes in this area requires further investigation (Zhang et al., 2019). In the future, the interaction between different influencing factors should be considered, and the influencing factors of LST should be analyzed in more detail to provide a more comprehensive perspective for urban or regional environmental governance and planning. Amendmentl(L426 - L490 ): 6. Advantages and Limitations The conclusions of this research and existing research results are mutually confirmed (Han et al., 2014; Yan et al., 2019;Yang et al.,2020). In plain areas with low altitude and gentle slopes, the development of human activities is less difficult, human activities are frequent, and construction land is concentrated. Areas with concentrated secondary and tertiary industries are more likely to have higher LST, whereas areas with mountains and agricultural land are likely to have lower LST due to several factors such as altitude and vegetation(Luo et al.,2021;Peng et al.,2021). It is noteworthy that, unlike the findings of previous studies, an obvious positive correlation was found between urban BH, BD, and LST. However, the LST of high-rise and super high-rise building areas was found to be lower than that of mid-rise building areas. This could be explained by the expansion of shadow areas generated by super high-rise buildings; similar phenomena were also observed between medium-density building areas and high-density building areas (Meng et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2021). Based on the existing research, this paper determines the impact of different human activities on the urban thermal environment, and further proves that urban green space can help alleviate the urban heat island effect. (Yang et al.,2017;Zhao et al.,2020). The process of urbanization has led to overpopulation and excessive industrial concentration, causes a change in the nature of heat exchange at the bottom, and aggravating the formation and development of the urban heat island effect, which requires the attention of urban planning agencies. In addition, based on the results of this article, strategies to reduce heat stress by addressing the urban heat island effect, (e.g., control the scale of urban built-up areas, optimize urban spatial structure, increase urban green areas, alleviate urban population concentration and other measures). We should also cooperate with commercial real estate developers to control the height and density of new buildings, optimize the design of future urban parks, increase the construction of urban ventilation corridors and green spaces, and further alleviate the urban heat island effect (Liu et al.,2020). 6.1 Advantages This study integrates POI data, building data, urban road data sets and other data to analyze the factors that affect the urban thermal environment. First, in order to assess the human activities that may be responsible for the model described here, we compare land use data with population density data, etc., and conclude that the POI data represents the geographic information and utilization characteristics of various facilities. Secondly, for the classification of building height in Nanjing, after many field investigations and analysis of historical remote sensing images, a more reasonable density classification (limited to 40%) is finally determined. This research will have greater practical value. Third, this study uses a multi-dimensional perspective (two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure) to study the current status of Nanjing's thermal environment, and explores the current status of Nanjing's thermal environment from a more specific plane dimension and a deeper perspective. In view of the multi-dimensional perspective of this study, MGWR is used instead of GWR to explore non-stationary relationships in the modeling space (Liu et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2020). Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression(MGWR) is a recent advancement to the classic GWR model. Compared with the traditional GWR model, The MGWR model has advantages in acquiring the ability of different scales (Jin et al.,2021). The MGWR model can effectively analyze the multi-scale relationship between the urban thermal environment and its influencing factors, and has a positive effect on urban dynamic development and urban thermal environment management. 6.2 Limitations The MGWR model facilitated multi-factor analysis of LST. However, due to issues such as data availability and collinearity, the application of the MGWR model has certain limitations. The urban landscape is a complex dynamic system composed of infrastructure, human activities, and social connections. Changes in urban surface temperature need to be observed from a more micro perspective (Cao et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020). Urban ground monitoring data have not been fully disclosed, which limits the study. In addition, street view data were used in the study of the urban thermal environment, and the number of street scenes in this area requires further investigation (Zhang et al., 2019). In the future, the interaction between different influencing factors should be considered, and the influencing factors of LST should be analyzed in more detail to provide a more comprehensive perspective for urban or regional environmental governance and planning. Attachments Attachment Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers(First).docx https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260205.r004
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21 Jan 2022 Acceptance Letter - Jun Yang, Editor PONE-D-21-03097R2 Relationship between urban morphology and land surface temperature –– a case study of Nanjing City Dear Dr. Yin: I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department. If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org. If we can help with anything else, please email us at plosone@plos.org. Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE and supporting open access. Kind regards, PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff on behalf of Dr. Jun Yang Academic Editor PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260205.r006

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