Fig 1.
Traditional WAAM.
Fig 2.
Edge-Focused WAAM (a), product of Edge-Focused WAAM process (b) and the design map linking input process parameters (c).
Fig 3.
Edge-Focused WAAM system.
Fig 4.
Edge-Focused WAAM process (a) and part dimension at the end of EF-WAAM finishing the adding material for multi-layer (b).
Fig 5.
Edge-Focused WAAM sample (a) vs Traditional WAAM sample (b).
Fig 6.
Metal cutting process for bending testing sample (a) with the testing sample dimension (b) and read testing sample (c).
Fig 7.
Definition of process parameters in the EF-WAAM process.
Fig 8.
Bending testing sample.
Fig 9.
Testing machine (a) and sample position for bending test (b) and stress-strain curve of bending result (c).
Fig 10.
Edge-Focused Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing structure.
Table 1.
Researching parameters levels for EF-WAAM.
Fig 11.
Data analysis flow chart.
Fig 12.
Comparison between substrate, conventional WAAM, average EF-WAAM performance, and best-performing EF-WAAM case.
Table 2.
Experimental design for EF-WAAM and flexural strength results.
Table 3.
ANOVA results for flexural strength (MPa) of EF-WAAM specimens.
Fig 13.
Macro and Microstructure of the EF – WAAM samples.
Fig 14.
Macro and Microstructure of the traditional WAAM samples.
Table 4.
Material handling performance.
Fig 15.
The ANN structure (a) and training result of ANN (b).
Fig 16.
Effect of current on the bending strength of Edge-Focused WAAM.
Table 5.
Chemical composition at different position of EF-WAAM.
Table 6.
Influence of welding parameters on maximum bending strength (Predicted by ANN).
Table 7.
Comparison of predicted (ANN) and experimental bending strength.
Table 8.
Effect of edge-focussed WAAM parameters on bending strength.
Fig 17.
Effect of Step-over distance on the bending strength of Edge-Focused WAAM.
Fig 18.
Effect of Travel angle on the bending strength of Edge-Focused WAAM.
Fig 19.
Effect of Additive layer thickness on the bending strength of Edge-Focused WAAM.
Fig 20.
Effect of travel speed on the bending strength of Edge-Focused WAAM.
Fig 21.
Process of edge-focused wire arc additive manufacturing in forming 3D spiral channel.