Fig 1.
The hypothesized moderated chain mediation model.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics and correlations among main variables.
Table 2.
Test for the chain mediation model.
Table 3.
Mediating effect analysis of the chain mediating model.
Table 4.
Test for the moderated chain mediation model.
Fig 2.
The moderating effect of self-efficacy on learning engagement and procrastination.
L-SE: low self-efficacy; H-SE: high self-efficacy; L-LE: low learning engagement; H-LE: high learning engagement; LP: learning procrastination.