Table 1.
PICOS Framework for the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Epitope-Based and Peptide-Based Vaccines Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in Poultry.
Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram for study selection of APEC vaccine studies in poultry.
Table 2.
Summary of included studies evaluating the efficacy of epitope-based, peptide-based, and alternative vaccine strategies.
Fig 2.
Traffic light and summary plots of Cochrane ROB 2.0 assessment for randomized controlled trials.
Fig 3.
Traffic light and summary plots of ROBINS-I assessment for non-randomized studies.
Fig 4.
Forest plot of the effect of epitope-based, peptide-based, and alternative vaccine strategies on morbidity prevention in poultry challenged with APEC.
Fig 5.
Funnel plot assessing publication bias for morbidity prevention outcomes.
Fig 6.
Forest plot of the effect of epitope-based, peptide-based, and alternative vaccine strategies on mortality prevention in poultry infected with APEC.
Fig 7.
Funnel plot assessing publication bias for mortality outcomes.
Table 3.
Summary of secondary outcomes from included studies evaluating the impact of epitope-based, peptide-based, and alternative vaccine strategies against APEC in poultry.
Table 4.
Subgroup analysis of vaccine efficacy against APEC in poultry (n = 10).
Table 5.
Summary of findings on the role of ML in epitope prediction and vaccine optimization for APEC vaccines.
Fig 8.
Conceptual framework for integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning into poultry vaccine development.