Fig 1.
Conceptual framework of the study.
Source: based on literature review (2024).
Fig 2.
Sustainable livelihood frameworks.
Source: Adopted from (Chambers R & Conway, 1992), with own modification.
Table 1.
Description of CSA practices.
Table 2.
Summary of explanatory variables used in the model.
Table 3.
Result of VIF.
Table 4.
C test for discrete variables.
Table 5.
Propensity score and covariate matching.
Table 6.
Comparison of the matching estimators.
Table 7.
Distribution of estimated propensity scores.
Fig 3.
Distribution of propensity score generated from Kernel Matching.
Source: Model result, 2024.
Table 8.
CSA practices adoption result of average treatment effect on the treated (ATT).
Table 9.
Rosenbaum bounds sensitivity analysis.
Table 10.
Two stage least square (2SLS) model output.
Table 11.
GSEM regression analyses.
Fig 4.
Source: Model result, 2024.