Fig 1.
Temporal trends in DALYs, mortality, and incidence rates at global and SDI quintile levels, 1990–2021.
The solid red line represents the overall trend (Both), the dashed green line represents females (Female), and the dashed blue line represents males (Male). Rates are per 100,000 person-years. DALYs = Disability-Adjusted Life Years; SDI = Socio-Demographic Index.
Fig 2.
Regional and sex differences in congenital heart anomalies in children under five, 1990 and 2021.
(A) DALYs rate per 100,000 person-years. (B) Absolute number of deaths. (C) Incidence rate per 100,000 person-years. Each regional group is divided into two columns: the left column represents 1990, and the right column represents 2021. Bar graphs are color-coded to distinguish females (red) and males (blue). Error bars indicate 95% uncertainty intervals. DALYs = Disability-Adjusted Life Years.
Fig 3.
Association between DALYs and SDI for CHA among children under 5 across countries and regions globally.
Panels A and C represent males, while Panels B and D represent females. The x-axis represents SDI, and the y-axis represents DALYs rate per 100,000 person-years. Different colors represent different countries and regions, with the gray shaded area indicating the 95% confidence interval of the fitted curve. CHA = Congenital heart anomalies; DALYs = Disability-Adjusted Life Years; SDI = Socio-Demographic Index.
Fig 4.
Association between EAPC and DALYs/SDI for CHA among children under 5 globally.
Panel A represents males, and Panel B represents females. The left plot shows the relationship between EAPC and DALYs rate (1990); the right plot shows the relationship between EAPC and SDI (2021). Red dots represent different countries. The gray shaded area indicates the 95% confidence interval of the fitted curve. CHA = Congenital heart anomalies; DALYs = Disability-Adjusted Life Years; EAPC = Estimated Annual Percentage Change; SDI = Socio-Demographic Index.
Table 1.
Health inequality analysis for congenital heart anomalies among children under 5 in 1990 and 2021.
Fig 5.
Distribution and cumulative proportion of CHA disease burden by SDI in 1990 and 2021.
Panels A (Males) and C (Females) display the distribution of DALYs rate (per 100,000 person-years) relative to the SDI ranking. Panels B (Males) and D (Females) show the concentration curves (cumulative proportion of DALYs vs. cumulative proportion of population). Blue and red colors represent data from 1990 and 2021, respectively. CHA = Congenital heart anomalies; DALYs = Disability-Adjusted Life Years; SDI = Socio-Demographic Index.