Table 1.
Analytical soil properties of the experimental fields (0-15 cm depth).
Table 2.
Monthly average values of key weather parameters at the experimental site during the period from December 2024 to May 2025.
Table 3.
Details of the four foxtail millet varieties.
Table 4.
Description of the priming agents.
Table 5.
Effect of variety on different seed germination indices and seedling vigor of foxtail millet.
Table 6.
Effect of variety on seedling growth of foxtail millet.
Table 7.
Effect of priming agent on different seed germination indices and seedling vigor.
Table 8.
Effect of priming agent on seedling growth of foxtail millet.
Fig 1.
Interaction effects of foxtail millet varieties with priming agents.
Here, BARI Kaon-1 (V1); BARI Kaon-2 (V2); BARI Kaon-3 (V3); BARI Kaon-4 (V4); No priming (P0); Hydropriming (P1); 15000 ppm KNO3 (P2); 30000 ppm KNO3 (P3); 40000 ppm Mannitol (P4); 60000 ppm Mannitol (P5); 10000 ppm NaCl (P6); 20000 ppm NaCl (P7); 100 ppm PEG (P8); 150 ppm PEG (P9); 500 ppm NaOCl (P10); 1000 ppm NaOCl (P11); 10000 ppm CaCl2 (P12); 20000 ppm CaCl2 (P13); ** = Significant at 0.01 level of probability.
Fig 2.
Interaction effects of foxtail millet varieties with priming agents.
Here, BARI Kaon-1 (V1); BARI Kaon-2 (V2); BARI Kaon-3 (V3); BARI Kaon-4 (V4); No priming (P0); Hydropriming (P1); 15000 ppm KNO3 (P2); 30000 ppm KNO3 (P3); 40000 ppm Mannitol (P4); 60000 ppm Mannitol (P5); 10000 ppm NaCl (P6); 20000 ppm NaCl (P7); 100 ppm PEG (P8); 150 ppm PEG (P9); 500 ppm NaOCl (P10); 1000 ppm NaOCl (P11); 10000 ppm CaCl2 (P12); 20000 ppm CaCl2 (P13); ** = Significant at 0.01 level of probability.
Fig 3.
Explained variable percentage showed by scree plot.
Fig 4.
Principal component analysis for germination and growth-related traits with various priming agents.
Fig 5.
Hierarchical Cluster dendrogram (PCA-based).
Here, No priming (P0); Hydropriming (P1); 15000 ppm KNO3 (P2); 30000 ppm KNO3 (P3); 40000 ppm Mannitol (P4); 60000 ppm Mannitol (P5); 10000 ppm NaCl (P6); 20000 ppm NaCl (P7); 100 ppm PEG (P8); 150 ppm PEG (P9); 500 ppm NaOCl (P10); 1000 ppm NaOCl (P11); 10000 ppm CaCl2 (P12); 20000 ppm CaCl2 (P13); ** = Significant at 0.01 level of probability.
Table 9.
Effect of variety on yield attributes and yield of foxtail millet in winter season.
Table 10.
Effect of priming agent on yield attributes and yield of kaon in winter season.
Table 11.
Interaction effect of variety and priming agent on the yield attributes and yield of foxtail millet in winter season.
Table 12.
Effect of variety on yield attributes and yield of kaon in summer season.
Table 13.
Effect of priming agent on yield attributes and yield of foxtail millet in summer season.
Table 14.
Interaction effect of variety and priming agent on yield attributes and yield of foxtail millet in summer season.