Fig 1.
The Healthy Smoker Paradox – Prevalence of hemoglobin abnormalities by smoking status among 600 Yemeni university students.
Complete baseline characteristics and statistical details provided in S1 and S2 Tables.
Fig 2.
Mediation Through Nutritional Pathways – Causal mediation analysis showing proportion of total effect mediated through nutritional status.
Full mediation results with bootstrap confidence intervals available in S3 Table.
Fig 3.
Effect Modification by Vulnerability Factors – Stratified analyses showing stronger paradoxical associations among females and low socioeconomic status participants.
Complete interaction analysis results provided in S2 Table.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by smoking status (N = 552).
Table 2.
Prevalence of hematological abnormalities by smoking status (N = 552).
Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression: Adjusted odds ratios for hematological outcomes.