Fig 1.
Step-by-Step Process of Dust Source Analysis Using Satellite Data and HYSPLIT Model.
Fig 2.
Location and topographic map of Khuzestan Province and the Shadegan Wetland.
Data were obtained from NASA EOSDIS Worldview (https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/) using MODIS Terra/Aqua true color imagery (2024). The visualization and processing were performed by the authors.
Table 1.
Fig 3.
Regression analysis chart of AOD and PM₂.
₅ for the year 2020–2022. Source: Derived from MODIS satellite data (NASA EOSDIS) and ground-based observations; processed and analyzed by the authors.
Fig 4.
Regression analysis chart of AOD and PM10 for the year 2020–2022.
Source: Derived from MODIS satellite data (NASA EOSDIS) and ground-based observations; processed and analyzed by the authors.
Fig 5.
Spatial Distribution of AOD Max over Khuzestan Province from MODIS Satellite during the period 2017–2020.
Fig 6.
Spatial Distribution of AOD Max over Khuzestan Province from MODIS Satellite during the period 2021–2022.
Fig 7.
Spatial Distribution of AOD Sum over Khuzestan Province from MODIS Satellite during the period 2017–2020.
Fig 8.
Spatial Distribution of AOD Sum over Khuzestan Province from MODIS Satellite during the period 2021–2022.
Table 2.
Selected days for tracking pollution in Khuzestan province with different indices.
Fig 9.
Tracking of Dust Event using the HYSPLIT Model: 48-hour Trajectory Frequencies (27–29 January 2022).
Fig 10.
Tracking of Dust Event using the HYSPLIT Model: 48-hour Backward Trajectory Map (27–29 January 2022).
Fig 11.
MODIS True Color Image During the Dust Event (29 Jan 2022).
Fig 12.
AOD Max distribution during the dust event (27–29 January 2022).
Fig 13.
Tracking of Dust Event using the HYSPLIT Model: 48-hour Trajectory Frequencies (2–3 July 2022).
Fig 14.
Tracking of Dust Event using the HYSPLIT Model: 48-hour Backward Trajectory Map (2–3 July 2022).
Fig 15.
MODIS True Color Image During the Dust Event (3 July 2022).
Fig 16.
AOD Max distribution during the dust event (1–3 July 2022).
Table 3.
Percentage share of dust trajectory clusters.
Fig 17.
Backward Trajectory Clusters for Dust Transport.
Fig 18.
Source Contribution to Khuzestan Based on the WPSCF Model.
Fig 19.
Dust Transport Pathways to Khuzestan Based on the WCWT Model.
Table 4.
Interannual Analysis of AOD-Iraq and AOD-Ahvaz Relationships.
Fig 20.
K-means clustering of AOD in Iraq and Ahvaz, 2022.
Fig 21.
Wind rose diagram (2022) of meteorological stations of Khuzestan province.
Fig 22.
Temporal dynamics of Area (Km²) in the Hoor al-Azim Wetland (2018–2022).
Fig 23.
Regression-based relationship between Area (Km²) and water level in the Hoor al-Azim Wetland (2018–2022).
Fig 24.
Monthly variations of the water surface area of the Hoor al-Azim Wetland based on the MNDWI for the first six months of 2022 (January–June).
Fig 25.
Monthly variations of the water surface area of the Hoor al-Azim Wetland based on the MNDWI for the last six months of 2022 (July–December).
Fig 26.
K-Means clustering of Hoor Al-Azim Wetland based on surface area and surrounding AOD.
Fig 27.
Distribution of AOD MODIS for dust monitoring in Khuzestan Province during 2018-2022.
Fig 28.
Distribution of AAI SENTINEL 5 dust monitoring in Khuzestan Province during 2018-2022.