Table 1.
Baseline demographic characteristics (ITT population, n = 50).
Table 2.
Clinical outcome characteristics (ITT population, n = 50).
Fig 1.
CONSORT flow diagram of participant progress through the present secondary analysis.
Table 3.
Clinical outcomes (FMA improvement) characteristics (ITT population, n = 50).
Fig 2.
Resting-state fALFF and ΔfALFF following the 2-week intervention.
(A) Prefrontal fALFF increased from baseline to post-intervention in the LIFU group (paired t-test, p = 0.002, Cohen’s d = 0.54). (B) No statistically significant change in prefrontal fALFF was observed in the rTMS group (paired t-test, p = 0.067, Cohen’s d = −0.41). (C) The ΔfALFF in motor-related regions differed between groups, with greater values observed in the LIFU group compared with the rTMS group (independent-samples t-test, t = 2.44, p = 0.019, Cohen’s d = 0.74). Each circle represents an individual participant. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant within-group or between-group comparison.
Fig 3.
3D channel-wise topographic maps of group-averaged ΔfALFF following the 2-week intervention.
(A) LIFU group and (B) rTMS group. Color scale represents group-averaged ΔfALFF. Maps are rendered without spatial interpolation on a standardized head model.
Fig 4.
Resting-state FC matrices following the 2-week intervention.
(A) LIFU group and (B) rTMS group. Group-averaged ROI-to-ROI Pearson correlation matrices (Fisher z-transformed) are shown before (left) and after (right) the intervention. ROI were ordered according to six predefined ipsilesional networks: somatosensory, sensorimotor, motor, executive, language, and emotion. Color scales represent correlation strength, with warmer colors indicating higher positive correlations and cooler colors indicating lower or negative correlations. Lower panels depict absolute correlation coefficients (|r|) for all ROI pairs before and after the intervention. No connectivity changes remained statistically significant after false discovery rate correction (all adjusted p > 0.05).