Table 1.
Climatic conditions and criteria air pollutant concentrations at two urban sites in Medellín during the two sampling periods (December 2023 – S1; April 2024 – S2).
Table 2.
BTEX concentrations (μg/m³) at two urban sites in Medellín during April and December 2022.
Fig 1.
Taxonomic profiling of phyllosphere bacteria.
Bar chart showing the relative abundance of the 10 most abundant ASVs at various taxonomic levels: a) phylum, b) class, c) order, d) family, e) genus, and f) species.
Fig 2.
Alpha diversity of the phyllospheric bacterial community.
Boxplots showing alpha diversity based on (a) urban site (downtown, DT; southern site, SS) and (b) sampling period (December 2023, S1; April 2024, S2). Diversity was assessed using Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 indices calculated from rarefied amplicon sequence variant (ASV) counts (31,985 reads per sample). Boxplots display the median, interquartile range, and 1.5 × whiskers; points represent individual samples. P-values were obtained using ANOVA.
Fig 3.
Beta diversity of the phyllosphere bacterial community in Mangifera indica.
Principal Coordinates Analysis (PcoA) based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarities of amplicon sequence variant (ASV) relative abundances. Samples were collected from the downtown (DT) and southern site (SS) during December 2023 (S1) and April 2024 (S2). Axis 1 and Axis 2 explain 19.82% and 13.71% of the variation, respectively. Group differences were assessed using PERMANOVA (999 permutations), with significant separation by sampling period (p = 0.005) and site (p = 0.036).
Fig 4.
General functional profiles of MAGs.
Bar chart showing the abundance of a) major functional pathways and b) metabolic-related functional categories.
Fig 5.
Catechol degradation pathways identified in Mangifera indica phyllosphere MAGs.
Reconstruction of catechol degradation routes based on KEGG Mapper, highlighting the ortho-intradiol cleavage pathway (blue) and the meta-extradiol cleavage pathway (green). Enzymes are labeled with their KEGG Orthology (KO) identifiers. Pathways were inferred from metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) meeting the quality thresholds of ≥50% completeness and <10% contamination, with taxonomic affiliations indicated in the text.