Table 1.
Effects of hypobaric hypoxia on body weight, food intake and hematocrit level in rats.
Fig 1.
FMT influenced the gut microbial community in rats after the hypobaric hypoxia challenge.
A) and C) Effects of FMT on taxonomic composition of the top 10 bacteria at the phylum and genus level; B) Effects of FMT on Alpha diversity of gut microbiota in rats; D) Effects of FMT on concentration of gut microbiota SCFA in rat serum. FMT: fecal microbiota transplantation; OTUs: operational taxonomic units; SCFA: short-chain fatty acids; NN: normobaric normoxia; HH: hypobaric hypoxia; HH + FMT: hypobaric hypoxia + fecal microbiota transplantation. *P < 0.05 represents statistically significant.
Fig 2.
FMT alleviated lung inflammation in streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats after hypobaric hypoxia challenge.
NN: normobaric normoxia; HH: hypobaric hypoxia; NN + SPI: normobaric normoxia + streptococcus pneumoniae infection; HH + SPI: hypobaric hypoxia + streptococcus pneumoniae infection; HH + FMT + SPI: hypobaric hypoxia +fecal microbiota transplantation + streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
Fig 3.
FMT restored NLRP3 inflammasome activity and inflammatory cytokine levels in streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats after hypobaric hypoxia challenge.
A) and B) Effects of FMT on NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 protein expressions in the airway mucosal tissues of rats; C) Effects of FMT on IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression levels in BALF of rats. BALF: broncho-alveolar lavage fluid; NN: normobaric normoxia; HH: hypobaric hypoxia; NN + SPI: normobaric normoxia + streptococcus pneumoniae infection; HH + SPI: hypobaric hypoxia + streptococcus pneumoniae infection; HH + FMT + SPI: hypobaric hypoxia +fecal microbiota transplantation + streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
Fig 4.
FMT reduced number of bacterial colonies in streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats after hypobaric hypoxia challenge.
NN + SPI: normobaric normoxia + streptococcus pneumoniae infection;HH + SPI: hypobaric hypoxia + streptococcus pneumoniae infection; HH + FMT + SPI: hypobaric hypoxia +fecal microbiota transplantation + streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
Fig 5.
FMT increased sIgA levels in streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats after hypobaric hypoxia challenge.
sIgA: secretory immunoglobulin A; NN: normobaric normoxia; HH: hypobaric hypoxia; NN + SPI: normobaric normoxia + streptococcus pneumoniae infection; HH + SPI: hypobaric hypoxia + streptococcus pneumoniae infection; HH + FMT: hypobaric hypoxia + fecal microbiota transplantation; HH + FMT + SPI: hypobaric hypoxia +fecal microbiota transplantation + streptococcus pneumoniae infection.