Fig 1.
A map of Bangladesh indicating the precise study area location of SNP within the Habiganj district of Sylhet division, highlighted in green box (A). A comprehensive map of SNP illustrating the geographical arrangement of camera trap locations, indicated by red diamond marks (B).
Table 1.
Identification of anthropogenic intrusions using camera trap surveys in SNP of Sylhet, Bangladesh.
Fig 2.
Various captured images of anthropogenic activities within SNP by camera traps.
(A-E) wood collection, (F) livestock activity, (G-I) hunting, (J) poaching, (K-L) tourism.
Fig 3.
Diel activity patterns of various anthropogenic activities within SNP by camera traps.
The frequency plotted against two-hour time intervals throughout a 24-hour period. The x-axis represents time in two-hour intervals, while the y-axis indicates the frequency of detections, reflecting the proportion of activity occurrences relative to the total observations. Shaded areas around the lines represent standard errors, indicating the variability in activity frequency across time intervals.
Fig 4.
Seasonal and temporal patterns of anthropogenic activities in SNP.
(A) Pre-Monsoon hot season, (B) Rainy monsoon season, and (C) Winter Season. The heat map illustrates the frequency and time distribution of various activities, including wood collection, tourism, hunting, poaching, forest patrolling, and livestock activity that distributed across 2-hour intervals over a 24-hour cycle. The intensity of green coloration corresponds to activity frequency, with darker shades indicating higher levels of activity.
Fig 5.
Heatmap illustrating the temporal overlap coefficients (Δ) between wildlife species and anthropogenic activities in SNP. Wildlife species are presented on the y-axis and anthropogenic activities including wood collection, tourism, hunting, poaching, forest patrolling, and livestock activity are shown on the x-axis. Color intensity represents the magnitude of temporal overlap (Δ), ranging from low (red) to high (blue), with darker shades indicating stronger temporal co-occurrence between wildlife and human activities.