Table 1.
Comparison of Related Authentication Schemes.
Fig 1.
This figure shows that the system model comprises five key components: OBU, RSU, TA, blockchain, and DC.
Table 2.
Summary of Notations and Descriptions Used in the Proposed Scheme.
Fig 2.
Registration phase between OBU and TA.
This figure shows the interaction process when the OBU completes registration with the TA.
Fig 3.
Registration phase between RSU and TA.
This figure shows the interaction process when the RSU completes registration with the TA.
Fig 4.
Authentication phase between OBU and TA.
This figure shows the process of the OBU completing authentication and key agreement with the TA.
Fig 5.
Authentication phase between OBU and OBU.
This figure shows the process of authentication and key agreement between two OBUs.
Table 3.
BAN Logic Notations and Descriptions.
Table 4.
Inference Rules of BAN Logic.
Table 5.
Comparative Analysis of Security Features and Attack Resilience.
Fig 6.
Outputs of the proVerif verification.
This figure shows the automated verification results generated by ProVerif.
Table 6.
Computation Time Measurements for Cryptographic Operations.
Fig 7.
Comparison of computation costs of various schemes.
The figure illustrates the comparison of the computation costs of various schemes.
Table 7.
Communication Data Length Analysis for the Proposed Scheme.
Fig 8.
Comparison of communication costs of various schemes.
The figure illustrates the specific quantification of the communication costs of various schemes.