Fig 1.
Flow diagram of study selection.
Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
Fig 2.
Risk of bias assessment.
Fig 3.
Review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item, presented as percentages across all included studies.
Fig 4.
Forest plot of exercise versus minimal/usual care for trunk extension endurance in the immediate term.
Fig 5.
Forest plot of supervised exercise versus self-directed exercise for trunk extension endurance in the immediate term.
Fig 6.
Forest plot of psychologically informed rehabilitation versus minimal/usual care for physical activity at immediate and intermediate terms.
Fig 7.
Forest plot of physical activity advice versus minimal/usual care for physical activity at the intermediate term.
Fig 8.
Forest plot of prehabilitation versus minimal/usual care for physical activity at the intermediate term.