Table 1.
Summary statistics of the sample.
Table 2.
The effect of PM2.5 on catastrophic health expenditure.
Table 3.
Results of linear probability model and instrumental variable estimation.
Table 4.
Estimates at different thresholds for catastrophic health expenditure.
Table 5.
Estimates after winsorizing the out-of-pocket health expenditure.
Table 6.
Estimates after adding city covariates.
Table 7.
Estimates after including observations with missing data for categorical covariates.
Table 8.
The effect of PM2.5 on the direct costs of diseases.
Table 9.
The effect of PM2.5 on labor supply.
Fig 1.
Heterogeneity analysis of PM2.5 effects on catastrophic health expenditure.
This figure presents subgroup analyses by residence, age, education, and chronic disease. The diamonds represent the estimated marginal effects of PM2.5 exposure, and horizontal bars represent the 90% confidence interval. All regressions included individual covariates, weather covariates, year dummies, and individual random effects. Robust standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the household level. CI, Confidence Interval.
Table 10.
The moderating effects of social health insurance types.