Fig 1.
Schematic of the study area.
Table 1.
Data sources and specifications.
Table 2.
Classification of Scenario I and Scenario II in 2000, 2010, and 2020.
Table 3.
Classification of Scenario III、Scenario IV in 2000, 2010, and 2020.
Fig 2.
Research framework.
Fig 3.
Correlation coefficients (a, b, c) of ESs in Henan Province from 2000 to 2020.
Statistical significance was denoted using an asterisk system (*, **) to represent FDR-adjusted significance levels, as detailed in the figure legend (e.g., *p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
Fig 4.
Probability changes of various factors in Scenario I (scenario1, scenario3, scenario5, scenario7, scenario9) and Scenario II (scenario2, scenario4, scenario6, scenario8, scenario10) in 2000.
Fig 5.
Probability changes of various factors in Scenario III (scenario1, scenario3, scenario5, scenario 7) and Scenario IV (scenario2, scenario4, scenario6, scenario8) in 2000.
Fig 6.
Probability changes of various factors in Scenario I (scenario1, scenario3, scenario5) and Scenario II (scenario2, scenario4, scenario6) in 2010.
Fig 7.
Probability changes of various factors in Scenario III (scenario1, scenario3, scenario5) and Scenario IV (scenario2, scenario4, scenario6) in 2010.
Fig 8.
Probability changes of various factors in Scenario I (scenario1, scenario3, scenario5, scenario7) and Scenario II (scenario2, scenario4, scenario6, scenario8) in 2020.
Fig 9.
Probability changes of various factors in Scenario III (scenario1, scenario3, scenario5, scenario7) and Scenario IV (scenario2, scenario4, scenario6, scenario8) in 2020.
Fig 10.
SHAP dependence plots for the factors associated with ESs trade-offs and synergies in 2000.
Fig 11.
SHAP dependence plots for the factors associated with ESs trade-offs and synergies in 2010.
Fig 12.
SHAP dependence plots for the factors associated with ESs trade-offs and synergies in 2020.