Fig 1.
Overview of a system where the projected object changes in response to drone controller inputs and an experiment investigating the psychological effects on users.
Fig 2.
Overview of the proposed AR system.
This AR system captures the drone’s flight using a camera, detects the drone from the video footage, and projects objects onto it.
Fig 3.
Detection of controller direction and input magnitude.
Detecting the input direction and magnitude based on the position of the marker attached to the controller stick.
Fig 4.
Correspondence between controller input and projected object.
The behavior of the projected object is modified as shown in this figure based on the direction and magnitude of the controller stick input.
Fig 5.
Overview of the experimental environment. A green screen is used as the background, and three poles are set up. The drone’s operating area is defined as 1.2m (height) × 5.0m (width) × 2.0m (depth).
Fig 6.
Modified commercial drone (DJI Mini2) for improved detection.
Red stickers are applied to the surface of the compact and lightweight DJI Mini2.
Fig 7.
Example AR system screen during drone operation. Participants operate the drone while observing the projected object displayed on the video.
Fig 8.
This figure illustrates the experimental procedure. After completing a preliminary questionnaire, participants practiced operating a drone for five minutes. They then performed three drone operation tasks using the AR system, followed by a final questionnaire.
Fig 9.
Drone operation task for condition A.
Task performed under the condition without projecting objects onto the drone.
Fig 10.
Drone operation task for condition B.
Task performed under the condition with projecting objects onto the drone.
Fig 11.
This figure illustrates the questionnaire items used in this study, categorized into three groups. Participants respond to these items using a 7-point Likert scale.
Table 1.
List of metrics and definitions.
Table 2.
Comparison of factor scores between conditions A and B.
Table 3.
Comparison of labels in open-ended questionnaire responses for conditions A and B.
Fig 12.
Distribution of sentiment labels in open-ended responses under Conditions A and B.