Table 1.
Descriptive statistics and correlations among variables (N = 522; Men = 248, Women = 274).
Fig 1.
Structural equation models across gender and caregiving-assumed conditions.
Note. Solid lines represent the general condition, and dotted lines represent the caregiving-assumed condition. Standardized path coefficients (β) are shown, with male values on the left and female values on the right of each path. Each latent construct was represented by three parcels (e.g., ES1–ES3) created using the balancing method [21]. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 2.
Model fit indices for SEM and multi-group invariance tests (N = 522; Men = 248, Women = 274).
Table 3.
Direct and indirect effects by gender (N = 522; Men = 248, Women = 274).