Fig 1.
Key Theoretical Frameworks in Human–AI Collaborative Education Research.
Fig 2.
Proposed Research Model.
Table 1.
Core Dimensions of the Questionnaire Scale.
Table 2.
Measurement Items and Sources.
Table 3.
Convergent validity test table.
Table 4.
Discriminant validity table.
Table 5.
Model fit indicators.
Table 6.
Model path analysis results.
Fig 3.
Structural equation model diagram.