Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the participants socio-demographic characteristics and smartphone use behavior.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of the DWBQ (13 items grouped into 4 factors).
Fig 1.
The CFA path diagram with the standardized estimates.
Table 3.
Standardized factor loadings for the 13-item DWBQ four-factor CFA model (N = 1853).
Table 4.
Reliability statistics and item-total correlation.
Table 5.
Correlation matrix of the DWBQ dimensions.
Table 6.
Correlations between the three DWBQ factors, the DFS factors, and DS factors.
Table 7.
Association between the three DWBQ factors, the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, and smartphone use behavior.