Fig 1.
Geographical distribution of the 14 sites for the study of temporal change in intensity and prevalence of parasites of birds.
1. Coimbra (Portugal); 2. Badajoz (Spain); 3. Seville (Spain); 4. Guadix (Spain); 5. Tabernas (Spain); 6. Valsaín (Spain); 7. El Kala (Algeria); 8. Corsica (France); 9. Antwerp (Belgium); 10. Milovice forest (Czechia); 11. Budapest (Hungary); 12. Lomianki (Poland); 13. Kraghede (Denmark); 14. Harjavalta (Finland). See S1 and S2 Tables for more information on species sampled at each locality and Table S3 for references on sampling, identification and quantification methods at each locality. Modified from Mapswire: https://mapswire.com/maps/europe-political-maps/ provided under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license.
Table 1.
Repeated Measures ANOVAs with parasite intensity and parasite prevalence in the two separate study years as within subject factors (Repeated Measures (RM)), and locality, parasite functional groups (only for models considering all groups of parasites together), latitude interval in years between both periods and temperature change (ºC/year) as between subject factors. Each effect was estimated in separate models. P-values smaller than 0.05 are shown in bold.
Table 2.
Repeated measures ANOVAs with laying date, clutch size, brood size, body condition and host population density of hosts in two separate study years as within subjects’ factors (Repeated Measures (RM)) and locality identity, host identity, latitude, interval in years and temperature change (ºC/year) as between subjects’ factors. Each effect was estimated in separate models. P-values smaller than 0.05 are shown in bold.
Fig 2.
Temporal changes in clutch size, brood size (log10 transformed), host population size (log10 transformed), relative body mass to the between years average value (body mass) (A) and laying date (B) of hosts between the last (2021-2022) and the previous study periods (2005-2015).
Plots show means ± 95% CI. The laying date and temperature change between study years were negatively associated (C). In C, dot size is proportional to log10-transformed sample size of each of the studied population, while the line is the regression line.
Fig 3.
Temporal changes in intensity and prevalence of the four parasite functional groups analyzed between the last (2021−2022) and the previous (2005−15) study periods.
Plots show means ± 95% CI.
Fig 4.
Temporal change in parasite intensity (A) and temperature (B) between study periods with latitude (degrees).
A shows the detected effect of latitude on change in parasitism intensity and, thus, the 19 data points refer to the host species with information for one or more types of parasites and populations. B shows values for each of the 14 study populations with information on temperature change. The size of the dots is proportional to log10-transformed sample sizes, while the line is the regression line.
Table 3.
Repeated measures ANOVAs with laying date, clutch size, brood size, body condition and host population density in two separate study periods as within subjects’ factors (Repeated Measures (RM)) and interactions between the repeated measure and latitude, temperature change, variation in parasitism (i.e., temporal change in intensity and prevalence of parasites) and identity of parasite group (parasite ID) as between subject factors. Beta-values of the association between differences in laying date, clutch size, brood size, body condition and host population density as independent continuous factors (latitude, temperature change and variation in parasitism (i.e., change in intensity and prevalence of parasites)) are also shown. Separate analyses for data sets including parasite intensity or prevalence in the first and the second year are shown. Associated P-values smaller than 0.05 are shown in bold.