Fig 1.
Schedule of enrollment, interventions, and assessments.
Notes: POD, postoperative delirium; PCIA, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia; PACU, post-anesthesia care unit; PONV, postoperative nausea and vomiting. a Including hypoxemia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary infection, respiratory failure, myocardial infarction, new-onset atrial fibrillation, heart failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, stroke, renal failure, hemorrhagic shock, sepsis, septic shock, anastomotic leak, and reoperation.
Fig 2.
Trial flow diagram.