Table 1.
Equation summary of emission factor.
Table 2.
Basic agricultural data of selected biomass in 2020 [27,46,47].
Table 3.
Summary data for calculating total mass of in-situ biomass [45,46,48–50].
Table 4.
Release of pollutants during the in-situ biomass burning per unit mass and unit calorific value.
Fig 1.
Pollutants emission per year (a) CH4, NOX, N2O, Dust (b) CO2, CO.
Table 5.
Summary data for energy analysis.
Table 6.
Pollutant emission calculation during biochar combustion in per unit mass and unit calorific value using Eq. (3–10).
Table 7.
Annual emission during biochar combustion using Eq. (18).
Table 8.
GWP result for raw biomass and biochar combustion.
Fig 2.
The system boundary of (a) BAU and (b) suggested pathway.
Fig 3.
Carbon footprint and carbon credit of in-situ burning (BAU) and biochar conversion and combustion (suggested pathway).