Table 1.
Overview of the tasks performed.
Table 2.
Criteria for feasibility of the tasks.
Table 3.
Participant characteristics.
Fig 1.
Obstacle hits per combination of obstacle parameters.
Size is the size of the obstacle relative to the foot length. Time is the number of strides the obstacle appeared before it reached the subject. Speed is the approach speed of the obstacle relative to the treadmill speed. Boxplots show the median, interquartile range (25th – 75th percentile), whiskers (data within 1.5 x interquartile range) and outliers.
Fig 2.
SD normalised Margin of Stability during the first step after perturbations with increasing intensity.
Perturbations are applied twice for each intensity, once for each leg. MoS values are normalised in SD based on MoS during 10 steps of normal walking before each perturbation. Each line represents an individual participant with their data points connected. The black dashed lines indicate the ± 3 SD threshold.
Fig 3.
A) Stability scores given by participants at each percentage increase in belt speed during the perturbation in response to the question “On a scale 1-7, how stable did you feel?” (1 = not stable at all, 7 = very stable).
B) Participant responses to the question “Did you feel like you had to change your steps?” (0 = No, 1 = Yes) after every perturbation. C) Margin of Stability values of the first step after each perturbation scored on whether they are inside or outside a 3 standard deviations threshold of the Margin of Stability values pre-perturbation (0=inside, 1=outside). D) Gait researcher observations of whether the participant had to change their steps (0 = No, 1 = Yes). R = Gait Researcher. *Note: Video data of P04 missing from 25% onwards.
Fig 4.
Anxiety scores reported by participants for walking with perturbations with increasing unpredictability.
Scores are the answers to the question “On a scale from 1-7, how anxious did you feel during the task?”, with a higher score indicating higher anxiety. Boxplots show the median, interquartile range (25th – 75th percentile), whiskers (data within 1.5 x interquartile range) and outliers. AP: Anteroposterior, ML: Mediolateral, AST: Auditory Stroop Test.
Fig 5.
Feasibility scores on instructions, enjoyment, tension, and anxiety experienced by the participants during the different task types reported on a Likert scale 1-7.
Note: higher scores reflect higher levels of perceived instruction clarity, enjoyment, tension, and anxiety. PGA: proactive gait adaptability; GR: gait robustness; RGR: reactive gait recovery.