Table 1.
(Bio)mechanical traits of used surrogate material and selected Laminaria sp. for comparison. Mean values are given ± standard deviation. n is sample size.
Fig 1.
Experimental setup for flow experiment in (A) side view and (B) front view (dimensions in meter).
Fig 2.
Experimental setup for wave experiment in (A) side view, (B) top view depicting the different bed types next to each other and (C) front view depicted as cross sections along the dashed lines indicated in B. kb is bed roughness.
(dimensions in meter).
Fig 3.
The influence of the ratio of stone size and absolute bed roughness
on the transportability of stones. Influence of the bed roughness
on the viscous sublayer
and the near-bed flow profile
under steady flow condition.
Fig 4.
Effect of surrogate length with constant width
on critical shear stress
for concrete, gravel and smooth beds and two different stone sizes. Boxes indicate the interquartile range (IQR), black dots represent the median, whiskers are maximum and minimum values within the 1.5 × IQR of the hinge and outliers are depicted by empty circles.
Fig 5.
Effect of bed slope angle on critical shear stress on the concrete bed for different surrogate lengths lk as indicated in the panels.
Boxes indicate the interquartile range (IQR), red lines in the boxes represent the median, whiskers are maximum and minimum values within the 1.5 × IQR of the hinge and outliers are depicted by crosses. Test statistics of a one-way ANOVA, evaluating the statistical differences in critical shear stress across various slope angles, are given in each panel, letters inside each panel indicate results from a Tukey’s posthoc test. Sample sizes are n = 50 for 0°, n = 17 for 5° and 10°, n = 14 for 15°.
Fig 6.
Temporal variation of horizontal displacement X versus vertical position Z during one wave cycle for four surrogate lengths (, 2, 4 and 5). Grey surrogate shapes indicate the positions in each analysed video frame while the coloured shaped highlight surrogate positions at certain steps within a wave period.
Fig 7.
Correlation of the critical Shields parameter including stability correction for hiding and exposure with the relative kelp frontal area.
Data for three different levels of bed roughness , 3 different stone diameters
, 6 different kelp frontal areas
and 50 specimens/test (13 for the smooth bed). Small dots indicate data for each individual specimen. Boxes indicate the interquartile range (IQR), black dots represent the median, whiskers are maximum and minimum values within the 1.5 × IQR of the hinge and outliers are depicted by empty circles. The median fit (eq. (7), solid line) and the corresponding 90% lower confidence bound (dashed line) are given.
Fig 8.
Schematic dynamic response of specimens with respect to the surrogate length.