Fig 1.
Study design and assessment timeline.
Table 1.
Measurement items and sources for exercise motivation.
Table 2.
Results of Cronbach’s alpha of the research instruments.
Table 3.
Demographic information of samples.
Table 4.
Comparison of pre-test data between treatment and control groups.
Table 5.
Within-group comparison of pre-test and post-test scores.
Table 6.
Comparison of post-test scores between treatment and control groups.
Table 7.
Mixed-design ANOVA results for standardized physical fitness scores.
Table 8.
Descriptive statistics for exercise motivation items (N = 45).
Table 9.
Final summary of hypothesis testing outcomes.