Fig 1.
(a) and (c) UV-Vis spectra of AgNPs synthesized by traditional chemistry with 5 and 15 mM, respectively.
(b) and (d) UV-Vis spectra of AgNPs synthesized by green chemistry with 5 and 15 mM, respectively.
Fig 2.
EDS spectra of AgNPs synthesized with NaBH4 as reducer agent (traditional chemistry), AgNPs synthesized with B. graveolens as reducer agent (green chemistry), and AgNO3 solution, all at concentration of 5 and 15 mM.
Table 1.
Mean diameter of the synthesized AgNPs using traditional and green chemistry.
Fig 3.
XRD patterns of a) traditionally synthesized AgNPs, b) green synthesized AgNPs, and c) silver ions.
Fig 4.
Differential pulse voltammogram of a) Green AgNPs 5Mm day 1 and 30 and b) Differential pulse voltammogram of traditional AgNPs 5 mM day 1 and 30 (A: Peak area at 0.5 V for each voltammogram).
Fig 5.
Inhibition of E. coli ATCC 25922 planktonic growth using silver nanoparticles synthesized by traditional chemistry and green chemistry, silver ions, and plant extract at days 1 and day 30 from phase 1 (15mM).
The bars indicate the percentage of planktonic growth from the lowest to the highest concentration, the internal number indicates the percentage of inhibition, and the asterisks indicate the level of significance. The blue frame indicates the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the purple frame indicates the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the orange frame indicates when MIC and MBC are the same concentration * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; * * * p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001, (ns) non-significant.
Fig 6.
Inhibition of S. aureus ATCC 25923 planktonic growth using silver nanoparticles synthesized by traditional chemistry and green chemistry, silver ions, and plant extract at day 1 and day 30 from phase 1 (15mM).
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in using silver nanoparticles synthesized by traditional chemistry and green chemistry, silver ions, and plant extract. The bars indicate the percentage of planktonic growth from the lowest to the highest concentration, the internal number indicates the percentage of inhibition, and the asterisks indicate the level of significance. The blue frame indicates the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the purple frame indicates the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the orange frame indicates when MIC and MBC are the same concentration * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; * * * p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001, (ns) non-significant.
Fig 7.
Inhibition of E. coli ATCC 25922 planktonic growth using silver nanoparticles synthesized by traditional chemistry and green chemistry, silver ions, and NaBH4 (reducing agent of traditional synthesis method) at day 1 and day 30 from phase 2 (5mM).
The bars indicate the percentage of planktonic growth from the lowest to the highest concentration, the internal number indicates the percentage of inhibition, and the asterisks indicate the level of significance. The blue frame indicates the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the purple frame indicates the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the orange frame indicates when MIC and MBC are the same concentration * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; * * * p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001, (ns) non-significant.
Fig 8.
Inhibition of S. aureus ATTC 25923 planktonic growth using silver nanoparticles synthesized by traditional chemistry and green chemistry, silver ions, and NaBH4 (reducing agent of traditional synthesis method) at day 1 and day 30 from phase 2 (5mM).
The bars indicate the percentage of planktonic growth from the lowest to the highest concentration, the internal number indicates the percentage of inhibition, and the asterisks indicate the level of significance. The blue frame indicates the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the purple frame indicates the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the orange frame indicates when MIC and MBC are the same concentration * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; * * * p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001, (ns) non-significant.
Table 2.
Summary of the results obtained in the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATTC 25922. Legend – MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration, MBC: Minimum bactericidal concentration for each bacterium.
Fig 9.
TEM images of AgNPs synthesized with NaBH4 as reducer agent (traditional chemistry) and AgNPs synthesized with B. graveolens as reducer agent (green chemistry) at days 1 and 30.
The AgNPs were observed at concentrations of 5 and 15 mM of AgNO3.