Fig 1.
Hospital records were screened using ICD-10 codes K25–K28, identifying 905 encounters. After applying eligibility and exclusion criteria, 606 unique patient hospitalizations were included in the final analytic cohort.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population (N = 606).
Table 2.
Seasonal comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics in peptic ulcer disease hospitalizations.
Fig 2.
Annual hospitalizations for peptic ulcer disease (2020–2024).
Yearly variation in PUD hospitalizations at a tertiary care hospital in Riga, ranging from 102 to 138 cases, with incidence per 1,000 adult hospitalizations shown for each year.
Fig 3.
Seasonal distribution of peptic ulcer disease hospitalizations.
PUD hospitalizations across the four seasons, showing a relatively even distribution without significant seasonal differences in demographic or clinical characteristics.
Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with in-hospital mortality.
Fig 4.
Forest plot of adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for in-hospital mortality.
Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age (per year), sex (reference = female), year of admission (per year), and season of admission (reference = winter). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Odds ratios are presented on a logarithmic scale.
Table 4.
Annual incidence of peptic ulcer disease (2020–2024).
Fig 5.
Seasonal distribution by age group.
Seasonal hospitalization patterns for patients <65 years and ≥65 years, illustrating a higher proportion of winter admissions among older adults and more frequent summer admissions among younger adults.
Table 5.
Comparison of patients <65 years vs ≥ 65 years.