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Fig 1.

Cohort selection process.

Hospital records were screened using ICD-10 codes K25–K28, identifying 905 encounters. After applying eligibility and exclusion criteria, 606 unique patient hospitalizations were included in the final analytic cohort.

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Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population (N = 606).

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Table 2.

Seasonal comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics in peptic ulcer disease hospitalizations.

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Fig 2.

Annual hospitalizations for peptic ulcer disease (2020–2024).

Yearly variation in PUD hospitalizations at a tertiary care hospital in Riga, ranging from 102 to 138 cases, with incidence per 1,000 adult hospitalizations shown for each year.

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Fig 3.

Seasonal distribution of peptic ulcer disease hospitalizations.

PUD hospitalizations across the four seasons, showing a relatively even distribution without significant seasonal differences in demographic or clinical characteristics.

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Table 3.

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with in-hospital mortality.

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Fig 4.

Forest plot of adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for in-hospital mortality.

Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age (per year), sex (reference = female), year of admission (per year), and season of admission (reference = winter). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Odds ratios are presented on a logarithmic scale.

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Table 4.

Annual incidence of peptic ulcer disease (2020–2024).

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Table 4 Expand

Fig 5.

Seasonal distribution by age group.

Seasonal hospitalization patterns for patients <65 years and ≥65 years, illustrating a higher proportion of winter admissions among older adults and more frequent summer admissions among younger adults.

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Table 5.

Comparison of patients <65 years vs ≥ 65 years.

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