Fig 1.
Mosaics of the livestock landscape studied in the Colombian Amazon.
Location of the Caquetá department at the national (Colombia) and continental (South America) scale (A); distribution of the eight mosaics across the municipalities of Caquetá (B); classification of the three types of tree cover in the studied mosaics (C); Mosaics: TR: El Triunfo (1); VE: La Vega (2); ES: La Esmeralda (3); TE: El Tesoro (4); VM: Villa Mery (5); PO: El Porvenir (6); SR: Santa Rosa (7); BA: Batalla 13 (8). Base map and imagery: Sentinel-2A (Copernicus Programme, European Space Agency), accessed via the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem (CDSE). Created by the authors under CC BY 4.0.
Fig 2.
Representation of a mosaic showing the definition of quadrants and the classification of tree cover types, together with bird census observation points in livestock landscapes in the Colombian Amazon.
Original figure created by the authors using Sentinel-2A imagery (Copernicus Programme, European Space Agency), accessed through the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem (CDSE), under CC BY 4.0 license.
Table 1.
Description of tree cover categories classified within the quadrants of livestock landscape mosaics in the Colombian Amazon.
Fig 3.
Diagram of the morphological functional traits measured per species.
CTO: total culmen length; LTA: tarsus length; LTO: total body length; AEX: extended wing length; LCO: tail length; COM: commissure; ALT: bill height; PES: body weight (g). Illustration of Ammodramus aurifrons (Passeriformes: Passerellidae) by Viviana Tello M.
Fig 4.
Rarefaction-extrapolation curves of diversity orders q0, q1, and q2 for the granivorous bird assemblage across the tree cover gradient in livestock landscapes of the Colombian Amazon.
OP: open; SO: semi-open; SC: semi-closed. A: Sample size-based sampling curve; B: Sample completeness curve.
Fig 5.
Dendrogram showing the results of the hierarchical cluster analysis using the ward.D algorithm.
The algorithm’s distance was calculated using the default transformation of the Gower similarity index.
Fig 6.
Biplot derived from the principal component analysis of species traits in the granivorous bird assemblage and tree cover types across productive landscapes in the southeastern Colombian Amazon.
OP: open; SO: semi-open; SC: semi-closed; CTO: total culmen length; PES: body weight (g); LTA: tarsus length; LTO: total body length; AEX: extended wing length; LCO: tail length; COM: commissure; ALT: bill height.
Fig 7.
RLQ analysis between the environmental matrices of the percentage of the three types of tree cover and the functional traits of granivorous bird species in cattle ranching landscapes of the Colombian Amazon.
ALT: bill height; COM: commissure; AEX: extended wing; LTA: tarsus length; LCO: tail length; LTO: total body length; CTO: total culmen length; PES: body weight (g); OP: open; SO: semi-open; SC: semi-closed. Red squares indicate positive associations, while blue squares indicate negative associations. Lighter colors indicate weaker associations, whereas darker colors represent stronger associations. The illustration of Ammodramus aurifrons highlights the traits with the strongest associations.
Fig 8.
Rarefaction–extrapolation curves of functional diversity of order q0, q1, and q2 for the granivorous bird assemblage across the tree cover gradient in cattle ranching landscapes of the Colombian Amazon.
OP: open; SO: semi-open; SC: semi-closed.