Table 1.
Improved Liou & Brennan model eye including ICL [19].
Fig 1.
Layout of the improved Liou & Brennan model eye [19] with an implanted ICL in Ansys Zemax (Ansys Inc.).
Fig 2.
Cross-sectional sag profiles of the Ref. ICL and Fr. ICLs (excluding the base radius). (a) Ref. ICL; (b-e) Fr. ICLs with step heights of 25, 50, 75, and 100 µm.
Fig 3.
Cross-sectional sag profiles of the Ref. ICL and Fr. ICLs (excluding base radius). Sag values are positive in the direction of light propagation, and the vertical axis is inverted for visualization.
Table 2.
Radii of the first and second zones of the Fr. ICL as a function of step height.
Fig 4.
MTF curves of the Ref. ICL and the Fr. ICLs at 555 nm for artificial pupil diameters of 3.00 mm (a) and 4.50 mm (b).
Solid and dashed lines indicate non-hole and hole designs, respectively.
Fig 5.
Polychromatic MTF curves for Ref. ICL and Fr. ICLs with different step heights.
The dashed line indicates the diffraction limit. The Ref. ICL is shown in red, and Fr. ICLs with step heights of 25, 50, and 100 µm are shown in light pink, purple, and blue, respectively. (a) 3.0-mm pupil, Abbe 37; (b) 4.5-mm pupil, Abbe 37; (c) 3.0 mm pupil, Abbe 50; (d) 4.5 mm pupil, Abbe 50.
Table 3.
FFT-derived Strehl ratios for the + 10 D Ref. ICL and Fr. ICLs with a central hole at artificial pupil diameters of 3.0 and 4.5 mm.
Fig 6.
Two-dimensional point spread functions (PSFs) derived from FFT calculations for the Ref. ICL and Fr. ICLs with different step heights.
(a) Monochromatic illumination at 555 nm with an artificial pupil diameter of 3.0 mm. (b) Polychromatic illumination with an artificial pupil diameter of 3.0 mm. In each row, images are shown from left to right: Ref. ICL, and Fr. ICLs with step heights of 25 µm, 50 µm, and 100 µm. The color scale ranges from 0 to 1 and represents the normalized peak intensity; lenses with lower Strehl ratios do not reach the maximum (red) intensity.
Fig 7.
Two-dimensional point spread functions (PSFs) derived from FFT calculations for the Ref. ICL and Fr. ICLs with different step heights.
(a) Monochromatic illumination at 555 nm with an artificial pupil diameter of 4.5 mm. (b) Polychromatic illumination with an artificial pupil diameter of 4.5 mm. In each row, images are shown from left to right: Ref. ICL, and Fr. ICLs with step heights of 25 µm, 50 µm, and 100 µm. The color scale ranges from 0 to 1 and represents the normalized peak intensity; lenses with lower Strehl ratios do not reach the maximum (red) intensity.
Fig 8.
Contrast at 50 c/mm for the Ref. ICL and Fr. ICLs with step heights of 50 and 100 µm under various misalignment and optical conditions.
(a) Axial displacement (ΔACD), (b) ICL decentration, (c) ICL tilt, (d) pupil decentration, and (e) alpha angle. The Ref. ICL is shown in red, and Fr. ICLs (50 µm and 100 µm) are shown in purple and black, respectively.