Fig 1.
Graphical representation of the -norms:
A) -norm, B)
-norm, A)
-norm, D)
-norm.
Fig 2.
Distribution of estimation errors represented by boxplots: A) the 14-bus test system, B) the 39-bus test system, C) the 57-bus test system, and D) the 118-bus test system.
The box denotes the interquartile range (Q1–Q3), the horizontal line indicates the median, and the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values.
Table 1.
Comparison of the performance of the proposed -based models.