Fig 1.
(a) Location of the study area in China.
The map shows its location within the nested administrative boundaries of China, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, and Qiantang District. (b)The surrounding environment of Jinsha Lake Park. The adjacent land is primarily occupied by residential and commercial zones. The park is situated near two subway stations to the north and is flanked by major urban roads to the north and south, indicating good transport accessibility and a favorable location.Reprinted from Linyi Data and Application Center of the National High-Resolution Earth Observation System under a CC BY license, with permission from Zongjie Liu, original copyright 2024.
Fig 2.
The flowchart illustrates the three core steps of the study: carbon stock simulation (left), recreational service evaluation (right), and their coupling coordination analysis (center).
Fig 3.
NDVI distribution map of Jinsha Lake Park.
The NDVI values in the figure range from 0.00 to 0.74 and are divided into nine levels. A blue-to-red color gradient is used for visualization, where redder hues indicate higher NDVI values, corresponding to denser vegetation and greater biomass; bluer hues represent lower NDVI values, associated with water bodies or sparse vegetation.
Fig 4.
(a) The distribution of sampling plots.
The red circles indicate the center points of the 10 m × 10 m sample plots. Reprinted from Linyi Data and Application Center of the National High-Resolution Earth Observation System under a CC BY license, with permission from Zongjie Liu, original copyright 2024. (b) Field Photographs from Sample Plots. These images depict representative vegetation conditions within the surveyed sample plots at Jinsha Lake Park.
Table 1.
Biomass equations for different tree species.
Table 2.
The Fundamental Scale of 1-9.
Table 3.
Park Recreational Services Level Evaluation Index System.
Table 4.
Coupling coordination levels.
Fig 5.
Spatial distribution map of carbon stock in Jinsha Lake Park.
The map depicts the simulated carbon stock across the park, with values ranging from 0.00 kg/m2 (bare soil/water) to 26.94 kg/m2(dense woodland), classified into nine quantile-based intervals represented by a sequential color ramp from blue (low) to red (high). The inset in the upper-right corner provides a reference map of the park’s functional zoning to facilitate the spatial localization and interpretation of specific areas.
Fig 6.
The road density value is calculated for each grid cell, ranging from 0.00 to 0.27. Visualization uses a red-blue color gradient, where red areas indicate high road density (e.g., plaza and main entrance zones), and a shift toward blue represents gradually decreasing road density. (b) Functional diversity. Based on the park’s master plan and field surveys, and according to the primary recreational activity types it supports, the park is divided into six main functional zones. Different colors in the figure represent distinct functional zones, visually illustrating the spatial distribution of various recreational functions.
Fig 7.
Each grid cell is classified by the number of on-site service facilities (e.g., seats, trash bins, street lamps) it contains. (b) Building and structure distribution. Each grid cell is classified based on the presence or absence of buildings or structures, thereby clearly indicating its spatial locations within the park.
Fig 8.
The proportion of each grid cell covered by the vertical projection of vegetation is calculated, with values ranging from 0 to 1. Red indicates areas of high coverage, while blue represents areas of low or no vegetation (e.g., water bodies, hard paving). (b) Plant diversity. The number of plant species recorded within each grid cell ranges from 0 to 9 species. Different colors in the figure represent different classification levels, visually illustrating the spatial variation in plant richness.
Fig 9.
The topographic height ranges from 5.0 to 7.4 meters. A blue-to-red color gradient is used to represent the transition from low to high elevation, clearly illustrating the micro-relief spatial characteristics of the park’s surface.
Fig 10.
The morphological characteristics are quantified by calculating the sinuosity of the waterbody’s edge and visualized using a blue-red color gradient, where blue represents straight shorelines and red represents sinuous shorelines. (b)Water distribution. The red areas in this figure indicate the waterfront interface zone, representing a critical transition belt with potential hydrophilic functions and ecological influence.
Fig 11.
Overall evaluation of recreational services level at Jinsha Lake Park.
The recreational service level in the park is measured by a comprehensive index ranging from 0.00 to 0.67 and classified into eight levels. A blue-to-red color gradient is applied for spatial visualization, where blue represents areas with low service levels and red indicates areas with high service levels, effectively revealing the spatial heterogeneity of service provision capacity.
Fig 12.
Analysis chart of coupling coordination between carbon stock and recreational services level at Jinsha Lake Park.
The figure classifies the coupling coordination degree (D-value, ranging from 0 to 1) into 10 level intervals, each corresponding to a distinct coordination level (detailed in Table 4), and clearly reveals the spatial heterogeneity of the coupling coordination degree across the park.