Table 1.
Criteria for Inclusion of Quantitative Studies Based on the Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome (PECO) Framework.
Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram for the systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.
Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies on ultra-processed food consumption and adolescent obesity.
Table 3.
Characteristics and Key Findings of Studies on Ultra-Processed Foods and Adolescent Obesity.
Fig 2.
Forset plot for systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.
Fig 3.
Subgroup analyses by study designs for the systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.
Fig 4.
Subgroup analysis by geographical region in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.
Fig 5.
Subgroup analysis by sampling methods in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.
Fig 6.
Subgroup analysis by year of publication in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.
Table 4.
Egger’s for publication bias in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.
Fig 7.
Funnel plot for publication bias in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.
Fig 8.
Trim and fill analysis for publication bias in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.
Fig 9.
Sensetivity analysis in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity among adolescents.