Fig 1.
Components of the working alliance.
Table 1.
Conceptual boundaries and analytic indicators distinguishing coaching presence from the working alliance components.
Table 2.
Participants’ demographic characteristics.
Fig 2.
Hupo AI coaching dialogue interface (screenshot from a researcher-run test session).
Table 3.
Summary of key themes, sub-themes, and illustrative client participant quotes.
Fig 3.
Thematic structure linking coaching presence and working alliance.
Fig 4.
Impact of absent presence on working alliance components.