Table 1.
The overview of the stratigraphy of Küllüoba Höyük.
Fig 1.
An aerial view reveals the location of the buried structures.
Fig 2.
Radiocarbon dating of Küllüoba Layer VI.
Fig 3.
Küllüoba Höyük excavation, Room 2, and the position of the bread unearthed.
Fig 4.
Küllüoba bread remains.
Fig 5.
Radiocarbon dating of Küllüoba bread.
Fig 6.
SEM images of bread dough texture.
Fig 7.
Cereal grain ground into a dough-like consistency.
Fig 8.
Grain fragment of Triticum dicoccum (emmer wheat).
Fig 9.
SEM image of the seed coat of Lens culinaris (lentil).
Fig 10.
Rachis fragment in bread tissue under a stereozoom microscope.
Fig 11.
Different morphologies and sizes of starch granules.
Fig 12.
Result of chemical analysis of dough tissue using EDX.
Fig 13.
Experimental FTIR spectrum of the Küllüoba bread sample.
Fig 14.
Deconvoluted FTIR spectrum domains of the Küllüoba bread sample (a) 800-1200 cm ⁻ ¹ (b) 1300-1800 cm ⁻ ¹ (c) 2800-3700 cm ⁻ ¹ (Experimental spectrum in blue – Simulated spectrum in red).
Fig 15.
Deconvoluted Raman spectrum of the Küllüoba bread sample.
Fig 16.
TGA-DSC curve of Küllüoba breads.
Fig 17.
(a) einkorn (Triticum monococcum), (b) barley (Hordeum vulgare), (c) emmer (Triticum dicoccum), (d) bread/durum wheat (Triticum aestivum/durum).
Fig 18.
(a) lentil (Lens culinaris), (b) bittervetch (Vicia ervilia), (c) pea (Pisum sativum).