Fig 1.
Map of the study area showing 1,290 composite topsoil samples within 24 census tracts of Lafayette, LA.Republished from Heafner and Paltseva (2024) [19] under a CC BY license, with permission from Springer, original copyright 2024.
Table 1.
Soil health parameters in public and residential areas in Lafayette, LA.
Table 2.
Summary statistics of urban soil heavy metal(loid)s’ concentrations (mg/kg) in Lafayette, LA (N = 1,290).
Table 3.
Percentage of urban soil samples (n = 1,290) in Lafayette, LA exceeding USEPA [50], LDEQ soil screening levels [51], and local geochemical background levels for heavy metal(loid)s (mg/kg).
Fig 2.
Spatial interpolation maps for urban soil heavy metal(loid)s a) arsenic (As), b) chromium (Cr), c) copper (Cu), d) manganese (Mn), e) nickel (Ni), f) lead (Pb), g) zinc (Zn) in Lafayette, LA (n = 1,290).
Fig 3.
Heavy metal(loid)s for different land uses in Lafayette, LA.
Table 4.
Spearman correlation coefficients between heavy metal(loid) concentrations and soil characteristics (n = 948). Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant correlations at p < 0.05.
Table 5.
Factor loadings of metal concentrations across different land uses.
Fig 4.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) biplot of heavy metal concentrations and soil properties in urban soils of Lafayette, LA (n = 1,290).
Fig 5.
Dendrogram showing the hierarchical clustering of heavy metal(loid)s in urban soils of Lafayette, LA (n = 1,290).
Table 6.
Pollution indices for urban soil heavy metal contamination in Lafayette, LA (n = 1,290).
Fig 6.
Heavy metal(loid) indices of a) soil pollution (PI) and b) geoacummulation (Igeo) with ranges of uncontaminated (green), moderately contaminated (yellow), and heavily contaminated soil (red) for land uses.
Table 7.
Urban soil heavy metal(loid)s (mg/kg) in different land use categories of studies worldwide.