Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram.
Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies.
Fig 2.
Map of included studies by US census regions.
Darker colors represent regions with more studies. Strategy types are listed in order of the most commonly used in that region. One study (classified as using a ‘structural changes’ strategy) had participants from all regions and so was included in the count for each. [Map made with Tableau and Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com].
Table 2.
Summary of studies from 2016-2023 that used an implementation/QI strategy to integrate substance use services for pregnant or birthing people in acute care settings.
Table 3.
Reported barriers and facilitators to implementation, sustainability, and scale-up by CFIR domains and constructs.