Fig 1.
The experimental design for the treatment of Triticum aestivum using different concentrations of seeds and leaves aqueous extracts (5, 25, 50, and 75 g·mL ⁻ ¹) obtained from Argemone mexicana plant.
Fig 2.
The experimental design for the treatment of Hordeum vulgare using different concentrations of seeds and leaves aqueous extracts (5, 25, 50, and 75 g·mL ⁻ ¹) obtained from Argemone mexicana plant.
Fig 3.
Natural habitat and morphological features of Argemone mexicana L. growing in the farmlands of Al-Soda village, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Fig 4.
Vegetative and reproductive organs of Argemone mexicana: stem and leaf, flower, fruit, and seed.
Fig 5.
The stomata types of A. mexicana leaves, A: Anisocytic; B: Actinocytic.
Table 1.
ANOVA output (F-ratios) displaying the effects of plant part (PP) and extract concentrations (EC) on germination parameters of T. aestivum and H. vulgare.
Table 2.
Effect of A. mexicana leaf and seed aqueous extracts on seed germination of T. aestivum.
Table 3.
Effect of A. mexicana leaf and seed aqueous extracts on seed germination of H. vulgare.
Table 4.
Two-way ANOVA output (F-ratios) displaying the effects of plant part (PP), extract concentration (EC) and their interaction (PP x EC) on plumule and radicle elongation of T. aestivum.
Fig 6.
The effect of Argemone mexicana leaf and seed extract treatments on Triticum aestivum plumule elongation (cm).
(A) At 3 days of treatment; (B) At 6 days of treatment; (C) At 9 days of treatment. C indicates control. L5, L25, L50, and L75 represent aqueous leaf extract concentrations of 5 g·mL ⁻ ¹, 25 g·mL ⁻ ¹, 50 g·mL ⁻ ¹, and 75 g·mL ⁻ ¹, respectively. S5, S25, S50, and S75 represent aqueous seed extract concentrations of 5 g·mL ⁻ ¹, 25 g·mL ⁻ ¹, 50 g·mL ⁻ ¹, and 75 g·mL ⁻ ¹, respectively. Data are represented as mean ± SE. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.
Fig 7.
The effect of A. Mexicana leaf and seed extracts treatment on T. aestivum radicle elongation (cm) (A) At 3 days of treatment (B) at 6 days of treatment (C) At 9 days of treatment.
C indicates control, L5, L25, L50 and L75 represent aqueous leaf extract concentrations of the 5 g.mL-1, 25 g.mL-1, 50 g.mL-1 and 75 g.mL-1. S5, S25, S50 and S75 represent aqueous seed extract concentrations of the 5 g.mL-1, 25 g.mL-1, 50 g.mL-1 and 75 g.mL-1. Data are represented as mean±SE. Bars with different letter (s) are significantly different at p < 0.05.
Table 5.
ANOVA output (F-ratios) displaying the effects of plant part (PP), extract concentration (EC) and their interaction (PP x EC) on plumule and radicle elongation of H. vulgare.
Fig 8.
The effect of A. Mexicana leaf and seed extracts treatment on H. vulgare radicle elongation (cm) (A) at 3 days of treatment (B) at 6 days of treatment (C) at 9 days of treatment.
C indicates control, L5, L25, L50 and L75 represent aqueous leaf extract concentrations of the 5 g.mL-1, 25 g.mL-1, 50 g.mL-1 and 75 g.mL-1. S5, S25, S50 and S75 represent aqueous seed extract concentrations of the 5 g.mL-1, 25 g.mL-1, 50 g.mL-1 and 75 g.mL-1. Data are represented as mean±SE. Bars with different letter (s) are significantly different at p < 0.05.
Fig 9.
Mexicana leaf and seed extracts treatment on H. aestivum plumule elongation (cm) (A) at 3 days of treatment (B) At 6 days of treatment (C) at 9 days of treatment. C indicates control, L5, L25, L50 and L75 represent aqueous leaf extract concentrations of the 5 g.mL-1, 25 g.mL-1, 50 g.mL-1 and 75 g.mL-1. S5, S25, S50 and S75 represent aqueous seed extract concentrations of the 5 g.mL-1, 25 g.mL-1, 50 g.mL-1 and 75 g.mL-1. Data are represented as mean±SE. Bars with different letter (s) are significantly different at p < 0.05.