Table 1.
Candidate probiotics were identified based on the 16s rRNA sequence to those available in the GenBank database.
Fig 1.
Phylogenetic tree of 16s rRNA sequences showing evolutionary relationships of study isolates with probiotic bacteria.
Fig 2.
Antibiotic susceptibility test heatmap across various species.
The heatmap displays the Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) values (in mm) for six antibiotics: Ampicillin (AMP), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Erythromycin (ERY), Tetracycline (TET), and Streptomycin (STR). Darker shades of green indicate higher sensitivity. Italicized names represent the tested bacterial strains, including those from the current study (Lb. paracasei IF5YR and Ent. faecium IF5RW2) and reference strains from previous studies.
Table 2.
In vitro acid tolerance and bile tolerance of isolates.
Fig 3.
Comparative analysis of acid and bile salt tolerance across various species.
The heatmap displays survivability percentages at pH levels 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 and bile concentrations of 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.0%, and 2.0%. Italicized names represent the tested bacterial strains, including those from the current study (Lb. paracasei IF5YR and Ent. faecium IF5RW2) and one selected strain from each reference study based on maximum tolerance performance.
Fig 4.
In-vitro cell autoaggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity of isolates.
Data are expressed as % of auto-aggregation measured after 5 h of incubation. Values are presented as Mean±SD. abc*P < 0.05: significantly different. Bars with common superscripts represent non-significance in the property.
Fig 5.
Comparative analysis of hydrophobicity and autoaggregation across various species.
The graph displays the percentage of hydrophobicity (adhesion to hydrocarbons) and autoaggregation (self-aggregation). Italicized names represent the tested bacterial strains, including those from the current study and one representative high-performing strain from each reference study.
Table 3.
Results of bile salt hydrolase activity.
Fig 6.
Antioxidant potential (FRAP, ABTS, DPPH) values of different isolates.
Values are presented as Mean±SD. ***#P < 0.05: significantly different. Bars with common superscripts represent non-significance in the property.