Fig 1.
Process flowchart for preparation of dual modification SPI.
Fig 2.
Effect of SPI concentration on gelation of modified SPI, Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Fig 3.
Effect of MTG dosage on gelation of modified SPI, Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Fig 4.
Effect of reaction temperature on gelation of modified SPI, Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Fig 5.
Effect of MTG reaction time on gelation of modified SPI, Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Fig 6.
Effect of pH on gelation of modified SPI, Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Table 1.
presents the orthogonal test matrix for nitrogen-protected thermal induction combined with MTG modification of SPI L₁₆(4⁵).
Table 2.
Effect of nitrogen-protected thermal induction combined with MTG cross-linking on SPI gelation L₁₆(4⁵).
Table 3.
Comparison of functionality between native SPI and dual-modified SPI.
Fig 7.
Microstructures of SPI samples observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). (a) Native SPI (b) MTG-modified SPI (c) dual-modified SPI.